530
Helicopter
Gearboxes
In a typical design there are three gearboxes, one for the main drive to the
overhead rotor, an intermediate gearbox at the rear, and a smaller one in the
tail. These are necessary because the engine, main rotor, and tail rotor must
all spin in an independent fashion, so various clutches and gears are needed to
transmit power.
Rotors
In the classic design there are two rotors spinning in perpendicular planes. The
main rotor gives lift while the tail rotor counteracts torque that would spin
the fuselage around in the opposite direction to the main rotor. Each consists
of independently controllable blades that can change their pitch via hydraulic
servos. The combination of main rotor blades is controlled by the
collective
,
which gives lift to the vehicle. As the blades rotate they cut into the air with
different density and relative speed, so in order to remain stable while giving
forward thrust a second control called the
cyclic
changes the blade pitch at
different points in the rotation. Because there is more lift from the blade when
at the back, the whole rotor assembly is able to tilt forward, keeping the stress
on the blades equal. Not only does the tail rotor compensate for torque pro-
duced by the main rotor, it can be used as a rudder to rotate the craft. Another
way of turning is to bank sideways using cyclic control, so the helicopter has
many degrees of freedom. Each manoeuvre links several components together,
so a helicopter is a complex thing to fly. From our point of view, it makes the
sounds produced very interesting. For example, the tail rotor speed is linked to
the angular acceleration of the main rotor.
Helicopter designs
Not all models have a tail rotor. Some use contra-rotating blades to equalise
the torque. These may be placed one above the other on a coaxial drive shaft,
or as tandem rotors side by side. The Chinook allows the two 18
.
29m, three-
bladed rotors to swing inside each other’s radius of rotation, so they are phase
locked and can never hit one another. Other designs take the tilting drive to an
extreme and have independently pitchable engine pods like the 1979 Bell Tex-
tron 301 XV-15, a tilt-rotor vehicle that uses 7
.
62m propellers and two 1500 hp
Lycoming LTC1K-4K engines on independently flexible mountings to fly like a
helicopter or a plane. Other designs are the Notar (No tail rotor) which uses
turbine accelerated engine exhaust as side thrust and the vectored propeller
design (such as the X49-A), both of which make the vehicle quieter.
Some more design examples include the Flettner FL 282, one of the earliest
military helicopters of late 1940s design. It had one engine, a radial Bramo
Sh 14A of seven cylinders and 160 hp power output, connected to a single
rotor spanning 11
.
96m. The Sikorsky S-55/UH series (1950s) is a typical tail
rotor design which employs one Wright R-1-300-3 piston engine of 800 hp with
a main rotor span of 16
.
15m. And the Bell 204/205 H-1/UH/AH-1 Iroquois
“Huey” (Mid 1950s) is the classic “Vietnam war era” medium-sized military
example, the first mass-produced helicopter powered by a jet turbine. Another
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