518
Fans
L
v
Blade movement
perpendicular to
observer
Blade movement
towards observer
Vector of two
motions
Negative
signature
Figure 46.1
Pressure around a rotating blade.
eight gaps between the blades, and each blade is angled, so at some point in
front we would expect to receive eight pulses of air per rotation, each a com-
pression formed as a blade moves round. In this simple analysis we could model
the sound in front of the fan as a series of pulses with a frequency given by the
number of blades times the frequency of rotation.
Let’s take a different look at the process. The other parts of figure 46.1
show another limiting condition where we have removed all the blades but one,
and the observer is standing to the side (in the same plane as the rotation).
We can consider the blade as a rod of length
L
rotating with angular velocity
ω
about a fixed point. Since the angular velocity is fixed, the distance moved
by some point on the rod (the opposite side of a right triangle where the rod
forms the adjacent and hypotenuse over some time interval) increases with dis-
tance from the centre. The tip is therefore moving much faster relative to the
air than the middle, at a velocity of 2
πLω
. For a 10cm blade at 2000 RPM
this is about 21m
/
s, a speed that will be greater than the Reynolds number
for a modest blade width, so we expect turbulence and consequently noisy
emissions. The tip could be considered a point source of noise, and because
the tip moves at constant angular velocity its spectrum remains fixed. As a
more sophisticated model we could consider the noise source from the blade
turbulence to be modulated by the pulsating air flow, occurring at about 33Hz
for the example given. Since we have eight blades the apparent frequency will
be 264Hz.
But our listener is positioned to the side of the rotation. How does this
affect the sound? Since the tip is moving in a circle, it changes its location rel-
ative to the observer. At some point the blade is moving towards the listener,
shown in the first frame. By Doppler we expect any waves emitted from the
tip to be compressed and their frequency to increase at this point. In the next
frame we see the blade at 45
◦
and some part of the movement vector is towards
the observer and some part perpendicular, until in the next frame the blade is
moving sideways, past the observer, and then finally receding in the last frame.
At this point we expect a second Doppler shift dilating the wave and lowering
frequencies in the noise.
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