Sputter and Jitter
Something to avoid when designing engine sounds is to have them too per-
fect. Even well-made engines have small timing and amplitude irregularities.
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Cars
The fuel mixture obtained on each cylinder firing might not be uniform, as the
air intake and fuel supply can vary slightly. Modern vehicles have electronic
ignition, but even these rely on some electromechanical feedback to decide the
exact moment of discharge. A diesel engine relies on thermodynamic principles,
which are inherently imprecise. A characteristic sound feature is that if some
change occurs to the mixture it affects all cylinders one after the other, so the
cylinders do not behave completely independently of each other.
Model
Let us summarise some sources of sound in a motor vehicle.
•
Explosive pulses radiated directly from the engine block (dull thuds).
•
Pulses coupled through the vehicle body (noisy vibration pulses).
•
Radiation from the exhaust pipe surface.
•
Pulses from the mouth of the tailpipe.
•
Additional sounds, tyres, fanbelt, turbo charger, etc.
A thorough model of a car engine really needs an elaborate network of wave-
guides, and we will use some waveguide principles, but to do so would require
a rather expensive cascade of scattering junctions and delay lines. To obtain
a more computationally efficient model we need to exercise a little creativity
and cunning. We shall begin, as always, at the source of energy, with the piston
movement obtained from a phasor split into several subphases. We can view
the engine, exhaust, and body as a series and parallel network of secondary
excitations, each occurring as the explosive pulse propagates through the sys-
tem. Unlike a trumpet or musically tuned pipe the exhaust exhibits plenty of
nonlinearity, being overdriven to produce effects rather like distortion or wave-
shaping. The catalytic converter and silencer behave as absorbent low-pass
filters, so the sound at the tailpipe is much reduced in high frequencies. We
should also take into account two propagation paths or speeds, those of vibra-
tions through contacting metallic components which move at around 3000m
/
s
and acoustic pulses moving at the speed of sound. Because the exhaust is usu-
ally on only one side of the vehicle there will also be some directionality to the
sound, with a different balance behind or in front of the vehicle.
Method
A mixture of phase splitting, wrapping, delays, and filters will allow us to place
various excitations having different tones within each engine cycle. An inter-
esting trick to obtain nonlinearity is to timewarp the exhaust waveguide so
that it behaves like an FM modulator, thus adding higher-frequency sidebands
like a waveshaper. We can use small amounts of noise to model subtle timing
irregularities found in a real mechanical system and add sputter and knocking
sounds at the piston.
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