32
Physical Sound
and forth forever the amplitude of each excursion decays away. The damper
itself represents the lossy component of all real materials. As we have already
examined, energy is never really lost; it becomes useless at doing work, and
though we call it
loss
the sound energy actually becomes heat. If you play a
musical instrument like trumpet or cello you probably already know that when
any object makes a sound it gets a bit warmer. To quantify this we note that
friction and loss are proportional to particle velocity: the faster the mass moves
the more energy it loses.
SECTION 3.5
Analogues
You have heard of analog synthesisers and analog electronics, possibly even
analog computers. But what does this word mean? From its Greek origins
ana-
meaning towards or upon, and
logos
meaning reasoning or logic, an
analogue
is
a reasoned or systematic approach. In modern use it has come to mean a system
of continuous measurement, but its important connotation is that of
analogy
,
reasoning by appeal to some other similar system which shares features we
want to describe. The roots of analog electronics come from the early days of
cybernetics and computers between 1920 and 1950 when circuits were built
as
analogies
of mechanical systems. It is possible to make electrical, mechani-
cal, and acoustic analogs of vibrating systems. An analogous system will have
equations of the same form but with different quantities. This is not limited to
mechanics, acoustics, and electronics though, but applies also to chemical, elec-
trostatic, social, and economic equations, which are of course not immediately
relevant to the task at hand.
There are three physical systems we will consider now: mechanical, electri-
cal, and acoustical. All are relevant to sound design, as you will see in later
practical exercises, but the real reason for delving into these subjects in one
swoop is to show the connection between all forces and behaviour. Beware that
there are two versions of electro-acoustic-mechanical analogy in which the roles
of variables exchange. The following system, called the
force-voltage
or
mobility
analog, is used in
network analysis
of which physical sound is one case.
Potential
All systems require potential for work to be done, energy in some state where it
can flow. An example is water raised above sea level, used to generate electricity
by damming a river. Gravitational potential energy (
mgh
) exists by dint of a
mass
m
existing in a gravitational field (
g
) at some height (
h
) above the lowest
potential. In fluid dynamics this is any state of pressure or elastic potential in
a compressed gas. In electronics it’s electrical potential held by a charge in a
battery, a voltage measured as potential difference between two conductors in
volts (
V
). In mechanics it is a stored force, such as a wound clock spring, or a
source of power, such as a human working a machine.
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