Thinking, Fast and Slow

28: Bad Events
heartbeat accelerated
: Paul J. Whalen et al., “Human Amygdala Responsivity to Masked
Fearful Eye Whites,” 
Science
306 (2004): 2061. Individuals with focal lesions of the
amygdala showed little or no loss aversion in their risky choices: Benedetto De Martino,
Colin F. Camerer, and Ralph Adolphs, “Amygdala Damage Eliminates Monetary Loss
Aversion,” 
PNAS
107 (2010): 3788–92.
bypassing the visual cortex
: Joseph LeDoux, 
The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious
Underpinnings of Emotional Life
(New York: Touchstone, 1996).
processed faster
: Elaine Fox et al., “Facial Expressions of Emotion: Are Angry Faces
Detected More Efficiently?” 
Cognition & Emotion
14 (2000): 61–92.
“pops out”
: Christine Hansen and Ranald Hansen, “Finding the Face in the Crowd: An
Anger Superiority Effect,” 
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
54 (1988): 917–
24.
“acceptable/unacceptable”
: Jos J. A. Van Berkum et al., “Right or Wrong? The Brain’s
Fast Response to Morally Objectionable Statements,” 
Psychological Science
20 (2009):
1092–99.
negativity dominance
: Paul Rozin and Edward B. Royzman, “Negativity Bias, Negativity
Dominance, and Contagion,” 
Personality and Social Psychology Review
5 (2001): 296–
320.
resistant to disconfirmation
: Roy F. Baumeister, Ellen Bratslavsky, Catrin Finkenauer, and
Kathleen D. Vohs, “Bad Is Stronger Than Good,” 
Review of General Psychology
5 (200
{/spFac1): 323.
biologically significant improvement
: Michel Cabanac, “Pleasure: The Common
Currency,” 
Journal of Theoretical Biology
155 (1992): 173–200.
not equally powerful
: Chip Heath, Richard P. Larrick, and George Wu, “Goals as
Reference Points,” 
Cognitive Psychology
38 (1999): 79–109.
rain-drenched customers
: Colin Camerer, Linda Babcock, George Loewenstein, and
Richard Thaler, “Labor Supply of New York City Cabdrivers: One Day at a Time,”
Quarterly Journal of Economics
112 (1997): 407–41. The conclusions of this research
have been questioned: Henry S. Farber, “Is Tomorrow Another Day? The Labor Supply of
New York Cab Drivers,” NBER Working Paper 9706, 2003. A series of studies of bicycle
messengers in Zurich provides strong evidence for the effect of goals, in accord with the
original study of cabdrivers: Ernst Fehr and Lorenz Goette, “Do Workers Work More if
Wages Are High? Evidence from a Randomized Field Experiment,” 
American Economic
Review
97 (2007): 298–317.
communicate a reference point
: Daniel Kahneman, “Reference Points, Anchors, Norms,

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and Mixed Feelings,” 
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes
51 (1992):
296–312.
“wins the contest”
: John Alcock, 
Animal Behavior: An Evolutionary Approach
(Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 2009), 278–84, cited by Eyal Zamir, “Law and
Psychology: The Crucial Role of Reference Points and Loss Aversion,” working paper,
Hebrew University, 2011.
merchants, employers, and landlords
: Daniel Kahneman, Jack L. Knetsch, and Richard H.
Thaler, “Fairness as a Constraint on Profit Seeking: Entitlements in the Market,” 
The
American Economic Review
76 (1986): 728–41.
fairness concerns are economically significant
: Ernst Fehr, Lorenz Goette, and Christian
Zehnder, “A Behavioral Account of the Labor Market: The Role of Fairness Concerns,”
Annual Review of Economics
1 (2009): 355–84. Eric T. Anderson and Duncan I. Simester,
“Price Stickiness and Customer Antagonism,” 
Quarterly Journal of Economics
125
(2010): 729–65.
altruistic punishment is accompanied
: Dominique de Quervain et al., “The Neural Basis of
Altruistic Punishment,” 
Science
305 (2004): 1254–58.
actual losses and foregone gains
: David Cohen and Jack L. Knetsch, “Judicial Choice and
Disparities Between Measures of Economic Value,” 
Osgoode Hall Law Review
30 (1992):
737–70. Russell Korobkin, “The Endowment Effect and Legal Analysis,” 
Northwestern
University Law Review
97 (2003): 1227–93.
asymmetrical effects on individual well-being
: Zamir, “Law and Psychology.”