Thinking, Fast and Slow

1: The Characters of the Story
offered many labels
: For reviews of the field, see Jonathan St. B. T. Evans and Keith
Frankish, eds., 
In Two Minds
: 
Dual Processes and Beyond
(New York: Oxford University
Press, 2009); Jonathan St. B. T. Evans, “Dual-Processing Accounts of Reasoning,
Judgment, and Social Cognition,” 
Annual Review of Psychology
59 (2008): 25 {59
eight=“0%“5–78. Among the pioneers are Seymour Epstein, Jonathan Evans, Steven
Sloman, Keith Stanovich, and Richard West. I borrow the terms System 1 and System 2
from early writings of Stanovich and West that greatly influenced my thinking: Keith E.
Stanovich and Richard F. West, “Individual Differences in Reasoning: Implications for the
Rationality Debate,” 
Behavioral and Brain Sciences
23 (2000): 645–65.
subjective experience of agency
: This sense of free will is sometimes illusory, as shown in
Daniel M. Wegner, 
The Illusion of Conscious Will
(Cambridge, MA: Bradford Books,
2003).
attention is totally focused elsewhere
: Nilli Lavie, “Attention, Distraction and Cognitive
Control Under Load,” 
Current Directions in Psychological Science
19 (2010): 143–48.
conflict between the two systems
: In the classic Stroop task, you are shown a display of
patches of different colors, or of words printed in various colors. Your task is to call out
the names of the colors, ignoring the words. The task is extremely difficult when the
colored words are themselves names of color (e.g., GREEN printed in red, followed by Y
ELLOW printed in green, etc.).
psychopathic charm
: Professor Hare wrote me to say, “Your teacher was right,” March 16,
2011. Robert D. Hare, 
Without Conscience
: 
The Disturbing World of the Psychopaths
Among Us
(New York: Guilford Press, 1999). Paul Babiak and Robert D. Hare, 
Snakes in
Suits
: 
When Psychopaths Go to Work
(New York: Harper, 2007).
little people
: Agents within the mind are called homunculi and are (quite properly) objects
of professional derision.
space in your working memory
: Alan D. Baddeley, “Working Memory: Looking Back and
Looking Forward,” 
Nature Reviews: Neuroscience
4 (2003): 829–38. Alan D. Baddeley,

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Your Memory: A User’s Guide
(New York: Firefly Books, 2004).