Cable #
Temperature of optimization configuration,
Temperature of common
sense configuration,
50% Load
a
352.6
353
b
69.98
69.7
c
67.5
77.7
80% Load
a
369.5
370.5
b
94.9
94.35
c
90
100.28
100% Load
a
382.4
383.9
b
114.7
113.9
c
84.7
118.9
Table 6.2. Impacts of SLGF with low fault impedance (One cable per phase).
Condition
Cable #
Temperature of optimization configuration,
Temperature of common
sense configuration,
50% Load
a
340.27
340.67
b
68.65
68.4
c
66.3
76.1
80% Load
a
354.2
355.2
b
93.2
92.7
c
88.8
98.6
100% Load
a
365.1
366.6
b
112.7
111.8
c
107.25
116.9
Table 6.3. Impacts of SLGF with high fault impedance (One cable per phase).
Condition
Cable #
Temperature of optimization configuration,
Temperature of common
sense configuration,
50% Load
a
40.3
40.88
b
41.2
40.88
c
41.3
41.57
80% Load
a
65.7
66.9
b
67.6
66.9
c
67.9
68.5
100% Load
a
86.2
88
b
89
88
c
89.47
90.24
73
Table 6.4. Impacts of SLGF with zero fault impedance (Two cables per phase).
Condition
Cable #
Temperature of optimization configuration,
Temperature of common
sense configuration,
50% Load
1a
161.4
160.68
1b
78
69.5
1c
66
61.59
2a
62
71.655
2b
70.6
80.86
2c
160.995
162.1
80% Load
1a
180.6
178.765
1b
101.9
92.555
1c
89.95
83.4
2a
84.66
95.23
2b
92.36
105.8
2c
179.59
182.5
100% Load
1a
197
194
1b
122.83
113
1c
111.3
102.8
2a
104.9
116.2
2b
111.73
128
2c
195.5
200
Table 6.5. Impacts of SLGF with low fault impedance (Two cables per phase).
Condition
Cable #
Temperature of optimization configuration,
Temperature of common
sense configuration,
50% Load
1a
155.9
155.2
1b
76.45
67.9
1c
64.58
60.36
2a
60.86
70
2b
69
79
2c
155.49
156.6
80% Load
1a
172.9
171.12
1b
99.1
90.2
1c
87.88
81.49
2a
83.1
93.2
2b
90.3
103.3
2c
171.95
174.87
100% Load
1a
188
185.4
1b
119.55
110.37
74
1c
108.94
100.58
2a
103.25
114
2b
109.49
125.2
2c
186.73
191.276
Table 6.6. Impacts of SLGF with zero fault impedance (Three cables per phase).
Condition
Cable #
Temperature of optimization configuration,
Temperature of common
sense configuration,
50% Load
1a
102.361
102.363
1b
61.84
60.1
1c
60.84
105.36
2a
63.95
60.64
2b
105.97
65.66
2c
67.9
68
3a
56.87
58
3b
64.16
65.1
3c
107
107.52
80% Load
1a
104.86
104.86
1b
64.785
62.996
1c
63.9
107.85
2a
66.98
63.74
2b
108.615
69
2c
70.99
71.18
3a
50.696
61
3b
67.24
68.45
3c
109.8
110.4
100% Load
1a
136.95
136.96
1b
105.3
102.8
1c
106.25
139.64
2a
108.6
106.5
2b
142.54
115.3
2c
112.6
113.3
3a
98.39
103.7
3b
109.28
113.8
3c
145.44
147.68
75
Table 6.7. Impacts of SLGF with low fault impedance (Three cables per phase).
Condition
Cable #
Temperature of optimization configuration,
Temperature of common
sense configuration,
50% Load
1a
98.948
98.949
1b
60.4
58.75
1c
59.48
101.8
2a
62.44
59.3
2b
102.424
64.15
2c
66.364
66.5
3a
55.8
56.9
3b
62.79
63.75
3c
103.5
103.97
80% Load
1a
101.2
101.2
1b
63.2
61.5
1c
62.385
104.07
2a
65.3
62.3
2b
104.8
67.35
2c
69.3
69.5
3a
58.54
59.9
3b
65.77
66.96
3c
106
106.6
100% Load
1a
131.4
131.44
1b
102.88
100.49
1c
103.9
133.93
2a
106
104.3
2b
136.8
112.78
2c
110.2
110.9
3a
96.8
102
3b
107.2
111.76
3c
139.77
141.99
For balanced condition, SLGF fault occurs on phase a cable, and the temperature
of each cable in the ductbank is calculated.
Table 6.1 shows that, after using the optimization configuration proposed in
Chapter 5 instead of common sense configuration, the temperatures of phase a and phase b
cables remain almost the same temperature, but the heat of phase c drops considerably
76
under all loading conditions. The same pattern is observed in Table 6.2 as well. The low
fault impedance decreases the increasing temperature but doesn’t produce a significant
difference.
As shown in Table 6.3, the temperature of each cable remains the same after using
optimization configuration if high impedance fault exists. This outcome is reasonable
since the high impedance fault doesn’t lead to significant voltage and current change. So
the high impedance fault is not considered in two cables per phase condition and three
cables per phase condition.
The temperature results of different loading conditions under balanced condition
are shown in the figures below. In these figures, zero impedance single-line-to-ground
fault (SLGF), low impedance SLGF and high impedance fault are considered for one
cable per phase, two cables per phase and three cables per phase.
77
(a)
(b)
Figure 6.2. The temperature of optimization (a) and common sense (b) configuration of
one cable per phase under 50 percent loading condition, zero impedance SLGF.
78
(a)
(b)
Figure 6.3. The temperature of optimization (a) and common sense (b) configuration of
one cable per phase under 50 percent loading condition, low impedance SLGF.
79
(a)
(b)
Figure 6.4. The temperature of optimization (a) and common sense (b) configuration of
one cable per phase under 50 percent loading condition, high impedance fault.
80
(a)
(b)
Figure 6.5. The temperature of optimization (a) and common sense (b) configuration of
one cable per phase under 80 percent loading condition, zero impedance SLGF.
81
(a)
(b)
Figure 6.6. The temperature of optimization (a) and common sense (b) configuration of
one cable per phase under 80 percent loading condition, low impedance SLGF.
82
(a)
(b)
Figure 6.7. The temperature of optimization (a) and common sense (b) configuration of
one cable per phase under 80 percent loading condition, high impedance fault.
83
(a)
(b)
Figure 6.8. The temperature of optimization (a) and common sense (b) configuration of
one cable per phase under 100 percent loading condition, zero impedance SLGF.
84
(a)
(b)
Figure 6.9. The temperature of optimization (a) and common sense (b) configuration of
one cable per phase under 100 percent loading condition, low impedance SLGF.
85
(a)
(b)
Figure 6.10. The temperature of optimization (a) and common sense (b) configuration of
one cable per phase under 100 percent loading condition, high impedance SLGF.
86
(a)
(b)
Figure 6.11. The temperature of optimization (a) and common sense (b) configuration of
two cables per phase under 50 percent loading condition, zero impedance SLGF.
87
(a)
(b)
Figure 6.12. The temperature of optimization (a) and common sense (b) configuration of
two cables per phase under 50 percent loading condition, low impedance SLGF.
88
(a)
(b)
Figure 6.13. The temperature of optimization (a) and common sense (b) configuration of
two cables per phase under 80 percent loading condition, zero impedance SLGF.
89
(a)
(b)
Figure 6.14. The temperature of optimization (a) and common sense (b) configuration of
two cables per phase under 80 percent loading condition, low impedance SLGF.
90
(a)
(b)
Figure 6.15. The temperature of optimization (a) and common sense (b) configuration of
two cables per phase under 100 percent loading condition, zero impedance SLGF.
91
(a)
(b)
Figure 6.16. The temperature of optimization (a) and common sense (b) configuration of
two cables per phase under 100 percent loading condition, low impedance SLGF.
92
(a)
(b)
Figure 6.17. The temperature of optimization (a) and common sense (b) configuration of
three cables per phase under 50 percent loading condition, zero impedance SLGF.
93
(a)
(b)
Figure 6.18. The temperature of optimization (a) and common sense (b) configuration of
three cables per phase under 50 percent loading condition, low impedance SLGF.
94
(a)
(b)
Figure 6.19. The temperature of optimization (a) and common sense (b) configuration of
three cables per phase under 80 percent loading condition, zero impedance SLGF.
95
(a)
(b)
Figure 6.20. The temperature of optimization (a) and common sense (b) configuration of
three cables per phase under 80 percent loading condition, low impedance SLGF.
96
(a)
(b)
Figure 6.21. The temperature of optimization (a) and common sense (b) configuration of
three cables per phase under 100 percent loading condition, zero impedance SLGF.
97
(a)
(b)
Figure 6.22. The temperature of optimization (a) and common sense (b) configuration of
three cables per phase under 100 percent loading condition, low impedance SLGF.
In these figures, SLGF occurs on phase a cable. Fig. 6.2 through Fig. 6.10 show
that using optimization configuration causes the temperature of phase a cable to drop a
little, the temperature of phase b cable to increase slightly, and the temperature of phase c
cable to drop a lot compared with using common-sense configuration if each phase
includes one cable. These results prove that the optimization configuration is better than
98
the common-sense configuration under faulted condition since the optimization
configuration causes less overheating.
For example, Fig. 6.6 shows that when using the optimization configuration in one
cable per phase case, only two cables are overheated. But using the common sense
configuration, three cables are all overheated. Similar results are found in different loading
and fault conditions.
Fig. 6.4, Fig. 6.7 and Fig 6.10 show the impact of high impedance fault such as
water tree. It is widely known that the high impedance fault doesn’t lead to significant
current or voltage change. So it is reasonable that the temperatures of cables under high
impedance fault stay constant as the normal condition. Therefore in cases of two cables
per phase and three cables per phase, the high impedance fault is not considered.
For two cables per phase condition, the results are shown in Table 6.4 and Table
6.5. A similar pattern is found in these two tables as well. Using the optimization
configuration proposed in Chapter 5 causes fewer rising temperatures compared with
using common sense configuration.
The difference can be observed clearly in Fig. 6.13 when 80 percent loading
condition is applied before SLGF occurs. The temperature limitation of this type of cable
is 90 . Temperatures above that are considered overheating. Fig. 6.13 shows that four
cables are overheated if the optimization configuration is applied. But using the common
sense configuration, five cables are overheated.
For three cables per phase, the temperature results are shown in Table 6.6 and
Table 6.7. The rising temperatures of optimization configuration and common sense are
99
almost the same. Since each phase includes three phases, the total number of cables in the
ductbank is 9, and this ductbank has only 15 available ducts. So almost all ducts are
occupied, and optimization doesn’t have significant improvement. The results are shown
in Fig. 6.17- Fig. 6.22. No significant difference between optimization configuration and
common sense configuration is observed since almost all ducts are occupied.
6.3.2 Unbalanced System
For an unbalanced scenario, the best configuration in general for one unbalanced
cable per phase is studied and compared with the conventional, or common sense,
configuration. The fault phase changes from lowest loaded phase to highest loaded phase.
The results are summarized in Table 6.8. In this table, L means the lowest loaded phase,
M means the medium loaded phase, H means the highest loaded phase.
100
Table 6.8. Impacts of SLGF with low fault impedance in an unbalanced system.
Condition
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