Engineering data book

Thirteenth Edition Editorial Contributors
Acknowledgments
Thirteenth Edition

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v
Table of Contents
Volume I
General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 1
Product Specifictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 2
Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 3
Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 4
Relief Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 5
Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 6
Separation Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 7
Fired Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 8
Heat Exchangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 9
Aircooled Exchangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 10
Cooling Towers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 11
Pumps and Hydraulic Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 12
Compressors and Expanders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 13
Refrigeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 14
Volume II
Prime Movers for Mechanical Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 15
Hydrocarbon Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 16
Fluid Flow and Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 17
Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 18
Fractionation and Absorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 19
Dehydration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 20
Hydrocarbon Treating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 21
Sulfur Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 22
Physical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 23
Thermodynamic Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 24
Phase Equilibria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 25
GPSA Members List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 26
Index
Absorber 1-2
Absorption 1-2, 19-30, 21-1
Calculations 19-30 
Correlation 19-31
Absorption Factor 1-2
Absorption Nomenclature 19-30
Absorption Oil 1-2
Absorption Refrigeration 14-25
Aqueous Ammonia System 14-25
Applications 14-29
Design Flexibility 14-29
Reliability 14-29
Lithium Bromide-Water Systems 14-25
Accumulator 14-1
Acentric Factor 24-1
Acid Dewpoint Temperature of Various Fuels 8-18
Acid Gas 1-2, 22-1
Acid Gas Enrichment (AGE) 21-1, 21-14
Acid Gas Removal Units (AGRs) 21-14
Active Magnetic Bearing System 13-32
Actuator 4-2
Adaptive Control 4-2
Adiabatic Expansion 1-2
Adjustable Speed Drives 12-16
Adsorbent 1-2
Adsorption 1-2, 21-1
AGA Equations, The 17-4
AGR/AGRU 21-1
Air-Cooled Exchangers 10-1
Air-Side Control 10-3
Air Cooler Location 10-6
Banks of Coolers 10-6
Single Installations 10-6
Air Evaporative Coolers 10-6
Arrangement and Mechanical Design 10-1
Advantages of Forced Draft 10-2
Advantages of Induced Draft 10-1
Disadvantages of Forced Draft 10-2
Disadvantages of Induced Draft 10-2
Condensing Discussion 10-7
Header Design 10-3
Maintenance and Inspection 10-17
Multiple Service Discussion 10-7
Noise Considerations 10-18
ACHE Noise 10-18
Noise-Related Nomenclature 10-18
Noise Testing 10-19
Predicting Fan Noise 10-18
Special Problems in Steam Condensers 10-6
Thermal Design 10-7
Air, Composition of 1-16 
Air Coolers, Heat-Transfer Coefficients 10-10
Air-Density Ratio Chart 10-15
Air Evaporative Coolers 10-6
Wet Air Type 10-6
Wet Tube Type 10-6
Air Film Coefficient 10-16
Air Filtration, Types of 15-12
Air Horsepower 11-1
Air Inlet 11-1
Air Rate 11-1
Air Separation Plant, Example of 18-9
Air Static-Pressure Drop 10-16
Air Velocity 11-1
Algorithm 4-2
Alkaline Salt 21-22
Single-Stage Process 21-22
Split-Flow Process 21-22
Two-Stage Process 21-23
Alkaline Salt Gas Treating Process (Hot Carbonate) 21-21
Benfield
® 
Process 21-22
Catacarb
®
Process 21-23
Hi-Pure
®
Process 21-22

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vi
Single Stage Process 21-21
Split Flow Process 21-21
Two Stage Process 21-21
Alkalinity 18-1
Alkalinity and pH Relationships 18-1
Alkanolamine 21-1
Allowable Stresses in Tension for Materials 17-23
Alphanumeric 4-2
Alternative Liquid Flow Paths 19-10
Altitude and Atmospheric Pressures 10-17
Altitude Correction Factor 15-14
Ambient Temperature Correction Factor 15-15
Ambient Temperature Vapor Recovery Cycle 6-18
Ambient Wet-Bulb Temperature 11-1
American Gas Association (AGA) 3-3, 3-9, 17-17
American Petroleum Institute 3-9
Amine (Alkanolamine) 1-2
Amine Reboiler 8-33
Amine-Sour Gas Systems, Equilibrium Data for 21-16
Ampacity 18-1
Analog Computer 4-2
Analytical Instruments 4-29
Continuous Analyzers 4-29
Cyclic Analyzers 4-29
System Control Diagram 4-29
ANSI B31.3 Pipe Code 14-11
Anti-Surge Control System 13-39
Antifoam 21-1
AP-X
®
LNG Process 16-29
API and Baumé Gravity Tables and Weight Factors 1-11
API Gravity 1-2
API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 3-18, 
3-21
API Pressure Relief Valve Destinations 5-14
Applicable Codes, Standards, and Recommended Practices for Relief 
Systems 5-23
CGA (Compressed Gas Association) Publications 5-24
Aqueous Amine Solutions, Freezing Points 21-11
Aqueous Amine Solutions, Specific Gravity 21-11
Aqueous Diethylene Glycol Solutions, Heat Capacities of 20-21
Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions, Heat Capacities of 20-21
Aqueous Triethylene Glycol Solutions, Heat Capacities of 20-22
Arrangement and Mechanical Design of Air-Cooled Exchangers 10-1
Associated Gas 1-2
Atmospheric Pressure 1-2
Atmospheric Spray Tower 11-14
Atomic Weights, Approximate 1-15
Attenuation 4-2
Austgen, et. al. 25-11
Axial Compressors 13-41
Axial Flow Cyclone Schematic and Swirltube Deck, Example of 7-11
Axial Flow Multi-Cyclone Vertical Separators 7-18
B-P Mix 1-3
Back-Pressure Correction Factor 5-15
Balanced Bellows Pressure Relief Valves 5-15
Conventional Pressure Relief Valves 5-15
Balanced Relief Valves 5-7
Barrel 1-2
Basic Vertical Separators Designs 7-18
Bath Heater Alarm/Shutdown Description 8-35
Baud Rate 4-2
Beam Length for Gas Radiation 8-10
Bellows, Types of 4-9
Benedict-Webb-Rubin-Starling 25-9
Bernoulli's Theorem 17-2, 17-3
Bidirectional Pipe Prover, Example of 3-25
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 18-1
Bit (Binary Digit) 4-2
Blanket Gas 1-2
Block Style Fully Welded PHE 9-33, 9-34
Blow Case 1-2
Blowdown 1-2, 11-1, 18-1
Boilaway Test 1-3
Boiler Water Limit 18-14
Boiling Points of Petroleum Fractions, Characterizing 23-27
Bonding 18-2
Bottle Sizing Chart 13-15
Bottoms 1-3
Bottom Vapor Inlet 19-27
Bourdon Tubes, Types of 4-8
Branch Circuit 18-2
Breathing 1-3
Brine Displacement Cavern Operation 6-8
Bubble point 1-3, 14-1
Bus 18-2
Butane 1-3
Commercial 1-3
Normal 1-3
Byte 4-2
CaCl
2
Dehydrator 20-50
Calcium Chloride 20-49
Calculating Inside Film Coefficient 10-12
Calculation Converting Stream Mass to Component Gallons, Example 
of 3-19
Calculation of Liquid Density of a Mixture at 120°F and 1760 psia 23-
25
Calorimeter 1-3
Capacity, Refrigerating System 14-1
Carbon Dioxide 25-3
Carbon Dioxide, Vapor-Solid Equilibrium Constants for 20-14
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 15-15
Carbonyl Sulfide 1-3
Cartridge Filters 7-40
Cascade Control 4-2
Cascade Refrigeration System 14-9
Casing
Axially Split 12-2
Radially Split 12-2
Casinghead Gas 1-3
Cathodic Protection 18-2
Caustic Embrittlement 18-2
Caustic Wash Scrubbing Systems 21-18
Cavitation 12-2
Centrifugal Compressors 13-17, 13-19, 14-11, 14-19
Calculating Performance 13-22
Compressor Speed 13-29
Controls 13-36
Cross Section 13-21
Cutaway 13-20
Estimating Performance 13-20
Flow Range 13-19
Isentropic Calculation 13-28

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vii
Mechanical Losses 13-29
P-H Diagram 13-29
Performance Calculations 13-18
Polytropic Calculation 13-28
Trouble and Causes 13-42
Centrifugal Hydraulic Power Recovery Turbines 12-20
Centrifugal Pump Affinity Laws 12-4
Centrifugal Pump Head Curves 12-10
Centrifugal Pumps 12-10, 12-17
Troubles and Causes 12-15
Characteristics of Tubing 9-17
Charcoal Test 1-3
Chelate 21-1
Chemical Reactions in Treatment of Boiler Water 18-15
Chemical Solvent Reaction Processes 21-6
Chiller, Evaporator 14-1
Chromatograph System 4-29
Chromatography 1-3
Circles and Cylinders
Area 6-19
Circumference 6-19
Volume 6-19
Circuit Breaker 18-2
Adjustable 18-2
Instantaneous Trip 18-2
Inverse Time 18-2
Nonadjustable 18-2
Setting 18-2
Claus Plant Configurations 22-5
Claus Plant Maintenance 22-33
Claus Plant Startup and Shutdown Procedures 22-20
Claus Process 1-3, 21-1, 22-1, 22-33
Theoretical Flame Temperatures 22-33
Claus Process of Sulfur Recovery 22-1
Claus Process Variations 22-4
Claus Reaction, Equilibrium Constant 22-25
Claus Sulfur Recovery Unit Process Calculations 22-27
Claus Tail Gas Clean Up Processes 22-13
Claus Unit Tail Gas Handling 22-11
Clorinated Fluorocarbons 14-7
Closed Cooling Water Systems 18-21
Co-current Flow 9-2
Coalescing 7-2
Cobalt Bromide Test 2-2
Codes and Organizations for Pumps and Hydraulic Turbines 12-22
Coefficients for Partial Volumes of Horizontal Cylinders 6-21
Combined Cycle 15-12
Combined Pump-System Curves 12-11
Combined Seal-Oil and Lube-Oil System with External Sweet Buffer 
Gas 13-35
Combustion, Fired Equipment 8-10
Methane 8-10
Commercial Refractories and Insulations, Properties of 8-3
Common Pump Equations 12-4
Common Refrigerants, Physical Properties 14-10
Compressibility Factor 1-3
Compressibility of Gases 17-4
Compressibility of Hydrocarbon Liquids, Density Correction for 23-24
Compression/Expansion Cavern Operation 6-9
Compression Curves 13-5
Compression Ratio 1-3, 14-1
Compressor Control Systems 13-37
Compressor Coverage Chart 13-4
Compressor Head 13-22
Compressor Performance 13-22
Higher Compression Ratio 13-22
Low Compression Ratio 13-22
Compressors
Axial Compressors 13-41
Performance Capabilities 13-42
Centrifugal Compressors 13-17
Calculating Performance 13-22
Compressor Speed 13-29
Estimating Performance 13-20
Isentropic Calculation 13-28
Mechanical Losses 13-29
P-H Diagram 13-29
Performance Calculations 13-18
Polytropic Calculation 13-28
Control Systems 13-36
Anti-surge Control 13-37
Pressure Control at Constant Speed 13-37
Pressure Control at Variable Speed 13-37
Volume Control at Constant Speed 13-37
Volume Control at Variable Speed 13-37
General 13-29
Flow Limits 13-29
Interstage Cooling 13-30
Journal and Thrust Bearings 13-30
Lubrication and Seal-oil Systems 13-34
Drivers 13-36
Magnetic Bearings 13-31
Shaft Seals 13-31
Integrally Geared Compressors 13-41
Operational Considerations 13-40
Critical Speed Map 13-40
Field Performance 13-41
Rotor Dynamics and Critical Speeds 13-40
Troubleshooting 13-41
Unbalance Response Analysis 13-40
Reciprocating Compressors 13-3
Performance Calculations 13-4
Rotary-Sliding Vane Compressors 13-46
Screw Compressors 13-43
Types of Compressors 13-3
Compressors and Expanders 13-1
Compressors
Centrifugal Compressors 13-17
Turboexpanders 13-48
Auxiliary Systems 13-49
Mechanical 13-48
Compressors for Refrigeration Services 14-15
Computerized Maintenance Management System (CMMS) 18-42
Computer Systems 4-28
Analog Computers 4-28
Digital Computers 4-28
Microcomputers 4-29
Minicomputers 4-29
Process Input/Output Equipment 4-29
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) 4-29
Concurrent Flow 9-2
Condensate 1-3
Condenser Duty and Gas Horsepower for One Stage HFC-410a 
Refrigerant 14-15
Condenser Duty and Gas Horsepower for One Stage R-22 Refrigerant
14-11
Condenser Duty and Gas Horsepower for Three Stage HFC-410a 
Refrigerant 14-23

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viii
Condenser Duty and Gas Horsepower for Three Stage R-22 
Refrigerant 14-19
Condenser Duty and Gas Horsepower for Two Stage HFC-410a 
Refrigerant 14-19
Condensers 9-10, 14-1
Condensers, Types of 20-40
Air-Cooled 20-40
Combined Air-Cooled–Water-Cooled 20-40
Glycol Cooled 20-40
Water Quench 20-40
Condensing Temperature Chart, Effect of 14-6
Conductivity 18-2
Conductor 18-2
Constants for Determining Thermal Conductivity and Unit 6-12
Contactor Sizing Parameters for Glycol Contactors 20-36
Contaminants, Types of 21-2
Contaminants in Hydrocarbon Cleaning 21-2
Continuous Analysis Instruments 4-30
Continuous Analyzers 4-29
Continuous Load 18-2
Control-Valve Bodies 4-22
Control Action
Derivative (Rate) 4-2
Integral (Reset) 4-2
Proportional 4-2
Control Concepts 4-16
Control Loops 4-16
Closed Loop 4-17
Feedback Control 4-17
Feedforward Control 4-17
Open Loop 4-16
Controller 4-2, 18-2
Control Modes and Controllers 4-17
Controller Tuning 4-19
Control Mode Considerations 4-20
Direct and Reverse Acting Controllers 4-18
Offset 4-18
Proportional, Integral, and Derivative's Control Mode 4-17
Proportional Mode 4-18
Proportional Plus Derivative Mode (PD) 4-18
Proportional Plus Integral Mode (PI) 4-18
Proportional Plus Integral Plus Derivative Mode (PID) 4-19
Two-Position (on-off) Controllers 4-17
Ziegler-Nichols Method 4-19
Control System Troubleshooting 4-26
Control Valves 4-21
Control-Valve Actuators 4-22
Control-Valve Bodies 4-22
Flow Characteristics and Valve Selection Discussion 4-22
Convection Heater 8-28
Conventional Relief Valves 5-6
Conventional Vapor-Liquid-Liquid Separator 7-33
Conventional Vapor-Liquid-Liquid Separator With Boot 7-34
Convergence Pressure 1-3
Conversion and Equivalence Factors 18-4
Conversion Factors 1-8
Commercial Base Pressure 1-12
Energy Units Conversion 1-8
Gas Volume Relationship 1-8
Other Useful Relationships 1-10
Tables 1-9
Cooling Medium 14-1
Cooling System Characteristics 11-9
Cooling Systems, Types of 11-2
Cooling Tower Location 11-9
Cooling Tower Psychrometrics 11-1
Wet-bulb Temperature 11-2
Cooling Towers 11-1
Basin Design 11-14
Concentration Cycles 11-13
Cooling Tower Psychrometrics 11-1
Tower Location 11-9
Types of Cooling Systems 11-2
Wet-bulb Temperature 11-2
Environmental Factors 11-14
Introduction 11-1
Performance Characteristics 11-9
Saltwater Cooling Towers 11-14
Types of Cooling Towers 11-13
Mechanical Draft Towers 11-13
Coil Shed Towers 11-13
Forced Draft Towers 11-13
Induced Draft Towers 11-13
Natural Draft Towers 11-14
Atmospheric Spray Towers 11-14
Hyperbolic Natural Draft Towers 11-14
Cooling Towers, Types of 11-13
Copper Corrosion Test (ASTM D-1838) 2-2
Copper Strip Test 1-3
Coriolis Meter Components 3-20
Corrected Log Mean Temperature Difference (CMTD) 9-2
Corresponding States 24-1
Corrugated Plate Interceptor (CPI) Oil Separator 18-22
Counterflow 11-1
Coupling 12-2
Spacer 12-2
Cricondenbar 1-3
Cricondentherm 1-3
Critical Density 1-3
Critical Pressure 1-3, 24-1
Critical Temperature 24-1
Critical Temperature 1-4
Crossflow 11-1
Cryogenic Plant 1-4
Cryogenic Processes 14-23
Cryogenic Technology 16-33
New Technology 16-34
Cubic Meter 1-4
Curtis Design 15-2
Cutwater 12-2
Cyclic Analyzers 4-29
Cylindrical and Cabin Direct Fired Heaters, Example of 8-19
Cyrogenic Steels Specifications 6-15
Darcy-Weisbach Equation 17-3
Darcy Formula 17-10
Data and Information Required to Specify and Size Separators 7-16
Data Base 4-2
Data Highway 4-2
Datum 24-1
Elevation 12-2
DDC: Direct Digital Control 4-2
Dead Band 4-2
Dead Time 4-2
Deaerator 1-4
Debottlenecking Separators 7-45

---

ix
Debutanizer 1-4
Dedicated Control 4-2
Definitions of Words and Phrases 
Cooling Towers, Used in 11-1
Gas Processing Industry, Used in 1-2
Hydrocarbon Treating, Used in 21-1
Instrumentation, Used in 4-2
, 
24-1
Pumps and Hydraulic Turbines, Used in 12-2
, 
13-2
Refrigeration, Used in 14-1
Separation Equipment, Used in 7-2
Sulfur Recovery, Used in 22-1
Utilities, Used in 18-1
Degradation Products 21-1
Dehydration 1-4, 20-1
Control of BTEX Emissions from TEG Regenerators 20-38
Condensers 20-40
Incinerators/Flares 20-41
Recycle 20-41
Enhanced Glycol Concentration Processes 20-41
Coldfinger
20-42
Drizo 20-42
Stripping Gas 20-42
Gas Dehydration 20-31
Glycol Dehydration Systems 20-31
Hydrates in Natural Gas Systems 20-9
Hydrate Inhibition 20-17
Hydrate Prediction Based on
Composition for Sweet Gases 20-11
Hydrate Predictions for High CO
2
/H
2
S Content Gases 20-16
Inhibition with Electrolytes 20-29
Low Dosage Hydrate Inhibitors (LDHIs) 20-29
Sweet Natural Gas Hydrate Conditions, Prediction of 20-11
Liquid Dehydration 20-51
Gas Stripping 20-51
Solid Desiccant Dehydration 20-43
Alumina 20-43
Calcium Chloride 20-49
Dehydration by Membrane Permeation 20-50
Dehydration by Refrigeration 20-50
Design 20-44
Gels 20-43
General Comments 20-48
Molecular Sieves 20-43
Refluxing
20-49
Regeneration Calculations 20-46
Water Content of Gases and Liquids 20-2
Water Content in the Hydrate Region 20-8
Water Content Measurement 20-9
Water Content of High CO
2
/H
2
S Gases 20-5
Water Content of Natural Gases 20-3
Water Solubility in Liquid Hydrocarbons 20-2
Demand Factor 18-2
Demethanized Product 1-4
Demethanizer 1-4, 19-4
Densities of Aqueous Diethylene Glycol Solutions 20-20
Densities of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions 20-20
Densities of Aqueous Triethylene Glycol Solutions 20-20
Densitometer 3-20
Buoyant Force 3-21
Depropanizer 1-4, 12-7
Depropanizer Reflux Pump 12-7
Derivative Control 4-2
Derivative Time 4-2
Deshmukh and Mather 25-11
Desiccant 1-4
Desiccant Properties 20-44
Desulfurization 1-4
Detectors 3-33
Flame Ionization 3-34
Thermal Conductivity 3-33
Deviation Factors 17-7
Dew Point 1-4
Dew Point Control 16-3
Emerging Technologies 16-6
Low Temperature Separation 16-3
Membrane Conditioning 16-7
Refrigeration 16-4
Rotary Valve Fast Cycle PSA for Fuel Gas Conditioning 16-7
Stabilization 16-6
Dew Points of Aqueous Diethylene Glycol Solutions at Various Contact 
Temperatures 20-24
Dew Points of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions at Various Contact 
Temperatures 20-23
Dew Points of Aqueous Triethylene Glycol Solutions at Various 
Contact Temperatures 20-24
Diaphragm Pressure Elements 4-9
Diaphragm Pumps 12-19
Diesel Fuel, Grades of, ASTM D-975 (1995) Classification 15-22
Diffuser 12-2
Digital Computers 4-2, 4-28
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) 4-29
Digital First-Level Control Systems 4-31
Direct Digital Controllers (DDC) 4-32
Distributed Control Systems (DCS) 4-32
Fieldbus 4-32
Individual Controllers 4-31
Digital Indicators 4-16
Diisopropanolamine (DIPA) 21-13
Direct and Reverse Acting Controllers 4-18
Direct Digital Controllers (DDC) 4-32
Direct Fired Heaters 8-1, 8-18
Direct Fired Reboiler, Example of 8-26
Discharge Temperature, Approximate 13-25
Displacement 12-2
Distillation 1-4
Distributed Control Systems (DCS) 4-2, 4-32
Distribution Basin 11-2
Doctor Sweet 21-1
Doctor Test 1-4
Double Acting 12-2
Double Containment Tank, Example of 6-10
Double Gas Seal 13-33
Double Pipe Heat Exchanger 9-19
Downcomer Design Velocity 19-13
Drag Coefficient for Spherical Particles 7-5
Drag Coefficient of Rigid Spheres 7-6
Drift Eliminators 11-2
Dry Bulb/Wet Bulb Temperature Data 11-4–11-8
Dry Gas 1-4
Dry Gas Filters 7-39
Dual Mixed Refrigerant Process 16-29
Dukler Calculation 17-17
Duplex 12-2
Duty 18-2
Continuous 18-2
Jogging 18-2
Non-plugging, Non-jogging 18-2
Periodic 18-2

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x
Plug-Stop 18-2
Plus-Reverse 18-2
Short-Time 18-2
Varying 18-2
Eaton Liquid Holdup Correlation 17-19, 17-21
Effect, Refrigerating 14-1
Efficiency 12-2
Mechanical 12-2
Volumetric 12-2
Efficiency Conversion 13-27
Electrical Formulas 18-24
Electrical Power System One-Line Diagram 18-28
Electrical System of Induction Motors 15-18
Electrical System of Synchronous Motors 15-18
Electric Heaters 8-39
Electric Motor Drives 15-18
Electronic Analog Indicators 4-16
Electronic Power Supplies 4-4
Electronic Transmitters 4-14
Electrostatic Coalescer 7-2
Embedded Advanced Control 4-21
Emulsion 7-2
Enclosed High Speed Helical Gear Reducers 15-23
Enclosure 18-2
End Point 1-4
Energy Evaluation Chart, NEMA Frame Size Motors, Induction 15-19
Engine Heat Recovery Arrangement 15-26
Engine Ratings and Operating Parameters 15-24, 15-25
Enhanced Oil Recovery 16-35
CO
2
-Ethane Separation 16-36
CO
2
Processing for EOR 16-35
Overall Process Configuration 16-38
Enthalpies of Paraffin Hydrocarbons, Combustion Products and Sulfur 
Compounds 22-26
Enthalpy 24-1
Enthalpy and Entropy Data 24-3
Enthalpy Behavior 24-2
Enthalpy Calculation Example 24-11
Entrained 7-2
Entropy 24-1
Entropy Calculation, Example of 24-12
Entropy Correlation 24-3
Example Calculation 24-3
EOR Production Forecast, Example of 16-35
EP-mix (Ethane-propane Mix) 1-4
EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) 4-2
Equilibrium Sulfur Vapor, Heat Capacity of 22-23
Equivalent Length of Valves and Fittings in Feet 17-6
Erbar-Maddox Correlation of Stages vs Reflux 19-7
Ethane Plus Recovery Efficiency 16-8
Ethane Recovery, GSP Process for 16-18
Ethane Recovery Processes 16-16
Example Comparison of Ethane Recovery Designs 16-19
GSP Design for Ethane Recovery 16-19
Ethane, Vapor-Solid Equilibrium Constants for 20-12
Ethernet Network Diagram 4-32
Evaporative Cooling Systems 9-36
Exhaust Loss Correction Factor 15-15
EXPANDED STAR Network Diagram 4-34
Expander/Compressor Cross-Section with Thrust Balancing Schematic
13-52
Expander Example Calculation 13-50
Expander Process, Example of 13-49
Expander Process, Pressure-Temperature Diagram 13-50
Expansion Turbine 1-4
Expansion Valve 14-1
External Recirculation Design 10-5
Extraction 1-4
Extraction/Admission Flow Turbines 15-3
Feed/Product Exchanger 19-28
Feedback Control 4-2
Feeder 18-2
Feed forward Control 4-2
Field Separator 1-4
Filter 7-2
Coalescers 7-38
Separators 7-2
Filtration and Coalescing Devices 7-38
Final Control Element 4-2
Fin Efficiency Chart 8-7
Fin Tip Temperature 8-7
Fintube Data for 1-in. OD Tubes 10-11
Fin Types 9-23
Firetube Heaters, Bath Properties of 8-30
Fire Streams Table 17-16
Fired Equipment 8-1
Combustion 8-10
Air Requirements 8-11
Burners 8-15
Draft 8-15
Flue Gas Condensation 8-17
Flue Gas Dew Point 8-17
Gas Burner Performance 8-17
Heating Value 8-12
NO
x
Control 8-18
Thermal Efficiency
8-13
Direct Fired Heaters 8-18
Controls 8-26
Convection Heaters 8-28
Convection Section 8-21
Cylindrical or Cabin 8-18
Insulation 8-23
Ceramic Fiber 8-24
External Insulation 8-24
Insulating Firebricks (Ifb) 8-24
LHV Castable Refractory 8-23
Options to Improve the Thermal Efficiency
8-26
Other Design Considerations 8-26
Draft Gauges 8-26
Flue Gas Temperature 8-26
Process Coil Thermowells 8-26
Purging 8-26
Sampling 8-26
Snuffing 8-26
Radiant Section 8-19
Stack Draft 8-23
Types 8-18
Vertical or Horizontal Tubes 8-18
Electric Heaters 8-39
Firetube Heaters 8-28
Controls 8-33
Direct Fired Reboilers 8-32

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xi
Firetubes, Burners, Stacks 8-33
Hot Oil Heaters 8-31
Hot Oil System 8-35
Improved Thermal Efficiency
8-35
Low Pressure Steam Heaters 8-30
Molten Salt Heaters 8-31
Troubleshooting 8-34
Bath Level Loss 8-34
Firetube Failure 8-34
High or Low Fuel Gas Pressure 8-34
High Stack Temperature 8-34
Inadequate Heat Transfer 8-34
Shell Side Corrosion 8-34
Water Bath Heaters 8-29
Heat Transfer 8-2
Conduction 8-2
Convection 8-4
Forced Convection 8-5
Natural or Free Convection 8-4
Finned Tubes 8-6
Heat Losses 8-7
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
8-5
Radiation 8-7
Inert Gas Generators 8-39
Oxidizers 8-38
Vaporizers 8-36
Submerged Combustion Water Bath Vaporizers 8-38
Vaporization Equipment 8-37
Waste Heat Recovery 8-38
Fire Sizing Environmental Factors 5-18
Firetube Heaters 8-2, 8-28
Fitting 18-2
Flame Ionization Detector, Example of 3-34
Flammability Characteristics of Gases and Liquids 18-8
Flammable and Combustible Liquids 18-2
Flanigan Liquid Holdup Correlation 17-20
Flare Measurement 3-22
Differential Pressure Flow Meters 3-22
Optical Meters 3-22
Thermal Flow Meters 3-22
Ultrasonic Flare Meters 3-22
Vortex Shedding Meters 3-27
Flare Systems 5-20
Location and Regulations 5-23
Pilots and Ignition 5-23
Smokeless Operation 5-23
Thermal Radiation 5-21
Types 5-20
Flash Drum 7-2
Flash Gas 14-1
Flash Point 1-4
Flood Capacity of Valve Trays 19-13
Flow Calculation Guide 3-3, 3-4
Flow Calculation Guide Equations 3-6
Flow Recording Controller (FRC) 4-4
Flow Sensors 4-13
Flow Through Vapor Passages 19-9
Flue Gas 
Convection-Coefficients 8-22
Ideal Relative Density 8-25
Rates 8-21
Fluid Flow and Piping 17-1
Bernoulli's Theorem 17-2
Compressibility of Gases 17-4
Equivalent Length of Valves and Fittings 17-4
Flow in Pipes and Reynolds Number 17-2
Fluid Physical Properties 17-2
Friction Factor and Effect of Pipe Roughness 17-3
Pipe and Flange Data 17-28
Pressure Loss Due to Friction 17-3
Darcy-Weisbach equation 17-3
Single Phase Flow 17-4
Fire Stream Flow 17-14
Liquid Flow 17-11
Hydrocarbon 17-11
Water 17-11
Low Pressure Gas Flow 17-7
Plant Piping Gas Flow 17-10
Steam Flow 17-14
Transmission Line Gas Flow 17-4
AGA Equations, The 17-4
Isothermal Flow 17-4
Panhandle A Equation 17-6
Panhandle B Equation 17-7
Weymouth Equation, The 17-6
Two Phase Flow 17-14
Flow Regime Determination 17-14
Liquid Slugging 17-21
Pressure Drop Calculation 17-17
Elevation Component 17-18
Frictional Component 17-18
Liquid Holdup 17-18
Forced-Circulation Reboiler Arrangement 19-21
Formulated Amines Applications 21-14
Formulated Solvents & Mixed Amines 21-13
Fouling Resistances 9-6
Four-Column Fractionation System 16-24
Four-Column Ryan/Holmes Process 16-38
Fractionation 1-4, 19-1
Equilibrium Stage Concept 19-2
Types 19-3
Thermosyphon
Horizontal 19-23
Vertical 19-21
Fractionation and Absorption 19-1
Absorption 19-30
Absorber Calculations 19-30
Sour Water Strippers 19-32
Stripper Calculations 19-32
Fractionation 19-1
Design Considerations 19-5
Computation Method 19-6
Minimum Reflux Ratio 19-6
Minimum Stages 19-5
Number of Stages 19-6
Operating Pressure 19-5
Reflux Ratio and Number of Stages 19-5
Energy Efficient Design Considerations
19-28
Feed/Product Exchangers 19-28
Heat Pumping 19-29
Side Coolers/Condensers 19-29
Side Heaters 19-28
Equilibrium Stage Concept 19-2
High Capacity Trays 19-14
Key Parameters 19-5
Mechanical Considerations 19-20
Column Internals 19-24
Mechanical Design 19-26

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xii
Reboiler Arrangements 19-20
Packed Columns 19-15
Column Sizing 19-16
Dumped Packing Versus Trays 19-19
Packed Column Internals 19-19
Packing Height 19-18
Product Specifications
19-4
Trayed Columns 19-8
Internals 19-8
Sizing 19-9
Tray Efficiency 19-14
Types of Fractionators 19-3
Fractionation Columns 19-8
Fractionation Grade Product Specifications (GPA 2107-08) 2-3
Fractionation Model 19-3
Fractionation Schematic Diagram 19-2
Fractionation Train 19-3
Fractionator Parameters 19-15
Fractionators, Types of 19-3
Freeze Valve 1-4
Freezing Points of Aqueous Glycol Solutions 20-25
Freon (CFC) 14-7
Friction Factor for Fluids Flowing Inside Tubes 10-14
Friction Factors 17-3
Friction Factors for Complete Turbulence 17-5
Frost Plug 14-1
Full Containment Tank, Example of 6-10
Fundamentals of Control Valve Sizing and Noise Prediction 4-23
Gas Service 4-23
Aerodynamic Noise Prediction 4-23
Critical Pressure Drop 4-23
Sizing Calculation Procedure 4-23
Liquid Service 4-24
Cavitation 4-24
Flashing 4-24
Sizing Information 4-24
Fundamentals of Heat Transfer 9-1
Gas-Liquid-Liquid Separator 
Design 7-33
Selection 7-17
With a Overflow Weir 7-35
Gas-Oil Ratio (GOR) 1-4, 7-2
Gas-well Gas 1-4
Gas-well Liquids 1-5
Gas and Vapor Flow Equations 4-24
Gas Coalescing Filter 7-2
Gas Constant (R) 1-4, 1-12
Gas Emissivity 8-10
Gas Flow Based on Weymouth Formula 17-8, 17-9
Gas Horsepower and Condenser Duty for Two Stage R-22 
Refrigeration 14-15
Gas Hydrate 1-4
Gas Injection 1-4
Gasket Material Temperature Limitations 9-32
Gas Lift 1-4
Gas Measurement 3-3
Gas Orifice Calculations 3-9
Orifice Flow Rate 3-10
Orifice Sizing 3-9
Gas Processing Plant 1-4
Gas Sweetening by Chemical Reaction 21-8
Gas Sweetening by Physical Absorption 21-22
Gas Treating Chemicals, Physical Properties 21-9
Gas Treating Process 
Capabilities 21-5
Options 21-4
Selection 21-30
Gas Turbine Air Filtration 15-13
Gas Turbine Engines (Mechanical Drive), 2011 Basic Specifications
15-16
Gas Turbine Internals 15-10
Gas Turbines 15-9
Cycles 15-11
Performance 15-13
Types 15-9
Gathering System 1-5
General Gas Separation Selection 7-15
General Instrumentation Considerations 4-4
Generalized Compressibility Factors 23-12–23-15
Glycol Injection System 20-25
GOR (Gas-Oil Ratio) 7-2
GPA Cobalt Bromide Test 2-2
GPA Liquefied Petroleum Gas Specifications 2-1
GPA Publications 1-17
GPA Research Reports 1-18
GPA Technical Activities 1-1
Technical Committee 1-1
Section A, Facilities Design and Optimization 1-1
Section B, Analysis 1-1
Section C, Specifications
1-1
Section F, Technical Data Development 1-1
Section H, Product Measurement and Handling 1-1
Section M, Operations and Maintenance 1-1
GPA Technical Publications 1-26
GPA Technical Standards 3-32
GPM/gpm 1-5
GPSA General Information 1-1
GPSA Members 26-1
GPSA Services 26-15
GPSA Supplies 26-26
GPSA Technical Activities 1-1
Editorial Review Board 1-1
Grain 21-1
Graphical Symbols for One-Line Electrical Diagrams 18-25, 18-26, 18-
27
Gravity Settling Laws and Particle Characteristics 7-7
Gravity Settling Theory 7-5
Intermediate Law Region 7-6
Newton's Law Region 7-6
Stokes' Law Region 7-6
Greatest Terminal Temperature Difference (GTTD) 9-2
Greek Alphabet 1-16
Gregory, Aziz, and Mandhane 17-14
Ground 18-2
Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter 18-2
Ground Water 18-2
Guided Wave Radar (GWR) 4-12
Amine Processes, Guidelines for 21-7
Hairpin Heat Exchangers 9-19
Double Pipe 9-19
Typical Sizes 9-20
Halocarbons 14-1

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xiii
Hardness 18-3
Harp Slug Catcher 7-42
Head 12-2
Acceleration 12-2
Heat-Transfer Rates 6-12
Heat and Material Balances 14-6
Heater-Treater 7-2
Heater Alarm/Shutdown Description 8-27
Heater Applications and Characteristics 8-2
Heat Exchangers 9-1
Brazed Aluminum Specifications 9-25
Condensers 9-10
Components 9-14
Detail Design Results 9-10
Economizing 14-15
Evaporative Cooling Systems 9-36
Exchanger Components, Selection of 9-14
Industry Standards 9-14
Nomenclature 9-16
Shell and Tube Exchanger Selection Guide 9-16
Shell Size and Tube Count Estimation 9-16
Tube Wall Determination 9-16
Fundamentals of Heat Transfer 9-1
Basic Heat Transfer Relations 9-1
Heat Balances 9-1
Hairpin Heat Exchangers 9-19
Advantages 9-19
Application Guidelines 9-20
Disadvantages 9-19
LMTD Chart 9-3
Operating Characteristics 9-18
Evaluating Altered Performance 9-19
Inlet Gas Exchanger 9-18
Tube Vibration 9-18
Plate-Fin Exchangers (Brazed Aluminum) 9-21
Advantages and Limitations 9-23
Applications 9-23
Approximate Sizing Procedure 9-28
Basic Configuration
9-21
Bars 9-21
Battery 9-23
Cold Box 9-23
Distributor Fins 9-21
Headers 9-21
Heat Transfer Fins 9-21
Nozzles 9-21
Outside Sheets 9-21