Page 7
Note 12: Yarmuk-Opposing Strengths
There is a difference of opinion about the strength of both armies at the Battle of
Yarmuk. As frequently happens in such cases, there has been a tendency to show ones
own strength as less than it was and the enemy strength as more than it was.
Let us first take the Roman strength. Muslim historians assess it as follows:
a.
Tabari, in one place, (Vol. 2, p. 598, where he gives his main account of the battle)
shows it as 200,000 men. Elsewhere (Vol. 3, p. 74) he quotes Ibn Ishaq as saying that it
was a 100,000 including 12,000 Armenians and 12,000 Christian Arabs.
b.
Balazuri (p. 140) gives the Roman strength as 200,000.
c.
Waqidi (p. 107) exaggerates it to a fantastic figure, but his estimate of the Roman who
used chains (30,000, p. 139) seems very reasonable.
As for Western writers, Gibbon (Vol. 5, p. 325), taking his material from early Byzantine
sources, gives the Roman strength as 140,000 including 60,000 Christian Arabs.
There is obvious exaggeration on both sides, but less so on the Western side, because the
Byzantines would know their own strength better than their opponents would. We should
dismiss the figure of 200,000 as incorrect. Such a vast army could not possibly have been
assembled on one battlefield; and the problems of the concentration, movement, supply
and feeding of such a force, with the relatively primitive communications of the time,
would be such that any staff officer entrusted with the task would promptly resign his
commission! This point will be more apparent to the trained military mind than to the
civilian reader.
On the Western side, too, there is an attempt to minimise the Roman strength, especially
the European part of it-partly perhaps for reasons of racial pride. It is absurd to say that
the Arab section of the army amounted to 60,000 men. Just the Arabs of Syria could
hardly have produced such a numerous army, when the entire Muslim State, which
included Arabia, the Yemen, Iraq and Gulf States, could only produce 40,000. This is
therefore probably nothing more than an attempt to pass the blame on to the Arabs. It is
noteworthy that while Gibbon gives the Christian Arab strength as 40 per cent, Ibn Ishaq
(a reliable source) gives it as only 12 per cent.
Allowing for exaggeration on both sides, I believe that the Roman army was 150,000
strong. It is impossible to say how strong each contingent was, but in the absence of any
data, I have assumed that each of the five armies which comprised the Roman army at
Yarmuk (including the Christian Arab army of Jabla) was roughly a fifth of the total
Roman strength. There is, of course, the possibility of some error in this assumption. As
for the Muslim strength, Tabari in one place (Vol. 2, p. 592) gives it as 40,000 plus a
reserve of 6,000. Elsewhere (Vol. 3, p. 74), he quotes Ibn Ishaq as saying that the
Muslims numbered 24,000-this against 100,000 Romans. Balazuri (p. 141) agrees with
Ibn Ishaq, while Waqidi (p. 144) places the Muslim strength at 41,000.
Created by PDF Generator (http://www.alientools.com), to remove this mark, please register the software.
I doubt that it could have been more than Waqidi's figure, and in order to accommodate
Balazuri and Ibn Ishaq, have given the Muslim strength as 40,000, i.e. Tabari's figure
without the reserve. This gives a ratio of roughly one Muslim to four of the opposition.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |