Dictionary of islamic architecture


See also: Central Asia, Indonesia, Java, Malaysia, Philippines, Uzbekistan Further reading



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Dictionary of Islamic Architecture

See also:
Central Asia, Indonesia, Java, Malaysia,
Philippines, Uzbekistan
Further reading:
China Islamic Association, 
The Religious Life of Chinese
Muslims,
Peking 1981.
A.D.W.Forbes, ‘Masjid V. In China’, 
Encyclopedia of Islam
6: 702–3, 1991.
J.Lawton, N.Wheeler 
et al.,
‘Muslims in China’, 
Aramco
World Magazine
36 no . 4: July/August 1985.
D.Leslie, 
Islam in Traditional China,
Canberra 1986.
H.Saladin, ‘Monuments musulmanes de Chine et
d’Extrème Orient’, 
Manuel d’art musulmans,
Paris 1907.
—— ‘Les mosquées de Pékin’, 
Revue du Monde
Musulmans,
2: 1907.
coral
Coral is used as a building material for coastal settlements
throughout the Indian Ocean, Arabian/Persian Gulf and
the Red Sea.
Two main types of coral stone are used for
construction: fossil coral quarried from the coastal
foreshore, and reef coral which is cut live from the
sea bed. Fossil corals are more suitable for load-
bearing walls whilst reef corals such as porites are
more suitable for architectural features such as door-
jambs or mihrab niches. Fossil corals are mostly from
an order of coral known as Rugosa which is now
extinct. When quarried this coral forms rough
uneven blocks known as coral rag. Although this can
be cut into rough blocks it cannot be dressed to a
smooth finish and therefore has to be used in
coral


55
conjunction with another material to produce an
even surface.
Living coral from the reef is easier to cut and dress
to a smooth finish although it does require hardening
by exposure to the air. The preferred type of reef coral
for building is porites because of its compact vascular
structure which means it is both strong and easy to
carve. However, this is not the only type used and,
at the eleventh-century site of Ras al-Hadd in Oman,
at least seven different types were noted. In the
Maldives and Bahrain platy corals such as oxypora
and montipora are used for partitions.
The origins of coral-building are not well
understood although it is generally believed that the
technique originated on the coasts of the Red Sea.
The earliest example was discovered at the site of
al-Rih in the Sudan where a Hellenistic cornice made
of coral was found re-used in an Islamic tomb. From
the Red Sea the technique spread to the East African
coast of the Indian Ocean where its was established
as the primary building material for monumental
buildings. In the Arabian/Persian Gulf there is
another tradition of coral stone construction although
the antiquity of this tradition is in doubt as suitable
coral has only grown in the area within the last 1,000
years. At the present time the use of coral stone
extends over large areas of the Indian Ocean and
includes the coastline of India (Gujarat), the Maldives
and Sri Lanka. The origins of coral-building in these
areas has not been investigated although it generally
seems to be associated with Islamic traders.

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