partial fraction is the ‘residue at the pole
p
i
’. The problem of partial fractions involves the
determination of these residues. Multiply both sides of Eqn. 13.6-1 by (
s
-
p
i
), where
p
i
is the pole
at which the residue
A
i
is to be evaluated. Remember that
Y
(
s
) will contain (
s
-
p
i
) as a factor in the
denominator. Hence, the multiplication by (
s
-
p
i
) results in cancellation of this factor in
Y
(
s
).
(
) ( )
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
s p Y s
A s p
s p
A s p
s p
A s p
s p
i
i
i
i
i
−
=
−
−
+
−
−
+ +
−
−
+
1
1
2
2
2
+
−
−
A s p
s p
n
i
n
(
)
(
)
(13.6-2)
Now we evaluate both sides of Eqn. 13.6-2 at
s
=
p
i
to get
A
s p Y s
i
i
s p
i
= −
=
(
) ( )
. This calculation is
repeated for
i
=
1 to
n
to complete all the partial fractions.
Each partial fraction of the type
A
s p
i
i
-
can be recognised as the Laplace transform of
A e u t
i
p t
i
( )
by
consulting relevant entry in Table 13.3-1. But, though we know that
e u t
p t
i
( )
has a Laplace transform
Method of Partial Fractions for Inverting Laplace Transforms
13.15
of
1
s p
i
-
, how do we know that is the only time-function that will have
1
s p
i
-
as its Laplace transform?
It is vital to be sure about that if we want to assert that the time-function is
e u t
p t
i
( )
whenever we see a
Laplace transform
1
s p
i
-
. The ‘Theorem of Uniqueness of Laplace transforms’ states that a Laplace
transform pair is unique. That is, if we have, by some method or other, found out that
F
(
s
) is the
Laplace transform of
f
(
t
), then this theorem assures us that only
f
(
t
) will have this
F
(
s
) as its Laplace
transform and no other function will have
F
(
s
) as its Laplace transform. Therefore, whenever we see
a
1
s p
i
-
, we can write
e u t
p t
i
( )
as its inverse.
Therefore,
y t
A e
A e
A e
u t
A
s p Y s
p t
p t
n
p t
i
i
s p
n
i
( ) (
) ( )
(
) ( )
=
+
+ +
= −
=
1
2
1
2
where
.
Case-2 One root of multiplicity
r
and
n-r
distinct roots for
P
(
s
)
In this case the partial fraction expansion is as shown below.
Y s
A
s p
A
s p
A
s p
A
s p
A
s p
r
r
r
r
r
n
n
( )
(
)
(
)
(
) (
)
(
)
=
−
+
−
+
−
+
−
+
−
−
+
+
1
2
1
1
1
(13.6-3)
The first root
p
is assumed to repeat
r
times. It may be real or complex. The remaining (
n
-
r
) roots
are designated as
p
r
+
1
,
p
r
+
2
,…,
p
n
. That Eqn. 13.6-3 is the partial fraction expansion in this case can
be shown by an application of Residue Theorem. We take this as a fact and proceed.
The procedure for evaluating the (
n
-
r
) residues at the (
n
-
r
) non-repeating poles of
Y
(
s
) is the
same as in Case-1. Therefore,
A
s p Y s
i
r
n
i
i
s p
i
= −
= +
=
(
) ( )
for
to
1
We multiply both sides of Eqn. 13.6-3 by
(
)
s p
r
-
for evaluating the
r
residues at the repeating pole.
The result is
(
) ( )
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
s p Y s
A
A s p
A s p
A
s p
s p
A s
r
r
r
r
r
r
n
−
=
+
−
+
−
+
−
−
+
−
+
+
1
2
1
1
1
−−
−
p
s p
r
n
)
(
)
(13.6-4)
(
)
s p
r
-
is a factor of denominator of
Y
(
s
). Therefore, multiplication of
Y
(
s
) by
(
)
s p
r
-
will cancel
this factor in the denominator. Now, evaluating both sides with
s
=
p
, we get
A
s p Y s
r
s p
1
= −
=
(
) ( )
Now, we differentiate Eqn. 13.6-4 on both sides with respect to
s
and substitute
s
=
p
to get
A
d s p Y s
ds
r
s p
2
=
−
=
[(
) ( )]
Similarly, successive differentiation with respect to
s
and substitution of
s
=
p
leads to
A
d
s p Y s
ds
A
d
s p Y s
ds
A
r
r
s p
r
s p
r
3
2
2
4
3
3
1
2
1
=
−
=
−
=
=
=
[(
) ( )]
,
!
[(
) ( )]
,
!
dd
s p Y s
ds
r
r
r
s p
−
−
=
−
1
1
[(
) ( )]
13.16
Analysis of Dynamic Circuits by Laplace Transforms
The reader may verify that the partial fraction terms corresponding to the non-repeating roots will
contribute only zero values in all stages of this successive differentiation.
Once all residues are calculated, Eqn. 13.6-4 is inverted to get the following time-function:
y t
A
t
r
e
A
t
r
e
A e
A e
A
r
pt
r
pt
r
pt
r
p t
r
( )
(
)!
(
)!
=
−
+
−
+ +
+
+
−
−
+
+
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
nn
p t
e
u t
n
( )
We have used the Laplace transform pair
t e u t
k
s p
k pt
k
( )
!
(
)
⇔
−
+
1
in arriving at this result. This
Laplace transform pair will be proved in a later section.
example: 13.6-1
Determine (i) the impulse response (ii) the step response and (iii) the zero-state response when
v
S
(
t
)
=
2
e
-
2
t
u
(
t
) for
v
o
(
t
) in the circuit in Fig. 13.6-1.
Solution
The mesh equation of the circuit is
3
i
di
dt
v t
v t
s
o
+
=
−
( )
( )
, where
i
is the current flowing in the mesh. But
i
dv t
dt
o
= ×
1
( )
since
i
flows in the capacitor and
v
o
(
t
) is the voltage across capacitor.
Therefore,
3
2
2
dv t
dt
d v t
dt
v t
v t
o
o
s
o
( )
( )
( )
( )
+
=
−
. Therefore, the
differential equation governing the output voltage is
d v t
dt
dv t
dt
v t
v t
o
o
o
s
2
2
3
( )
( )
( )
( )
+
+
=
.
The System Function
H s
V s
V s
s
s
o
s
( )
( )
( )
=
=
+ +
1
3
1
2
.
The roots of denominator polynomial are –2.618 and –0.382. The factors of the denominator
polynomial are (
s
+
2.618) and (s
+
0.382).
(i) The impulse response of a linear time-invariant circuit is the same as the inverse transform of
its System Function.
∴
=
=
+
+
h t
H(s)
s
s
( )
(
.
)(
.
)
Inverse of
Inverse of
1
2 618
0 382
1
2 618
0 382
2 618
0 382
1
2
(
.
)(
.
)
(
.
) (
.
)
s
s
A
s
A
s
+
+
=
+
+
+
A
s
s
s
s
s
s
1
2 618
2 61
2 618
1
2 618
0 382
1
0 382
= +
×
+
+
=
+
=−
=−
(
.
)
(
.
)(
.
)
(
.
)
.
. 88
1
0 382
0 4472
0 382
1
2 618
0 382
1
2 6
= −
= +
×
+
+
=
+
=−
.
(
.
)
(
.
)(
.
)
(
.
.
A
s
s
s
s
s
118
0 4472
0 382
)
.
.
s
=−
=
Fig. 13.6-1
Circuit for
Example: 13.6-1
v
S
(
t
)
v
o
(
t
)
3
Ω
1 H
1 F
–
+
–
+
Method of Partial Fractions for Inverting Laplace Transforms
13.17
∴
+
+
=
−
+
+
+
1
2 618
0 382
0 4472
2 618
0 4472
0 382
(
.
)(
.
)
.
(
.
)
.
(
.
)
s
s
s
s
∴
=
−
−
−
h t
e
e
u t
t
t
( )
.
(
) ( )
.
.
0 4472
0 382
2 618
V
(ii)
v
S
(
t
)
=
u
(
t
)
⇒
V
S
(
s
)
=
1/
s
. Therefore the Laplace transform of step response
=
1
2 618
0 382
s s
s
(
.
)(
.
)
.
+
+
Expressing this in partial fractions,
1
2 618
0 382
2 618
0 382
1
2
3
s s
s
A
s
A
s
A
s
(
.
)(
.
)
(
.
) (
.
)
+
+
=
+
+
+
+
A
s
s s
s
A
s
s
s
1
0
2
1
2 618
0 382
1
2 618 0 382
1
2 618
1
= ×
+
+
=
×
=
= +
×
=
(
.
)(
.
)
.
.
(
.
)
((
.
)(
.
)
.
.
.
.
s
s
s
+
+
=
−
× −
=
=−
2 618
0 382
1
2 618
2 236
0 1708
2 618
A
s
s s
s
s
3
0 382
0 382
1
2 618
0 382
1
0 382 2 236
1
= +
×
+
+
=
−
×
= −
=−
(
.
)
(
.
)(
.
)
.
.
.
..1708
∴
+
+
= +
+
+
−
+
1
2 618
0 382
1
0 1708
2 618
1 1708
0 382
s s
s
s
s
s
(
.
)(
.
)
.
(
.
)
.
(
.
)
\
Step response of
v
o
(
t
)
=
(
.
.
) ( )
.
.
1 0 1708
1 1708
2 618
0 382
+
−
−
−
e
e
u t
t
t
V
(iii)
v
S
(
t
)
=
2
e
-
2
t
u
(
t
)
⇒
V
S
(
s
)
=
2/(
s
+
2). The Laplace transform of zero-state response is given by
product of System Function and Laplace transform of input function.
∴
=
+
+
+
V s
s
s
s
o
( )
(
)(
.
)(
.
)
2
2
2 618
0 382
Expressing this in partial fractions,
V s
s
s
s
A
s
A
s
A
s
o
( )
(
)(
.
)(
.
)
(
) (
.
) (
.
=
+
+
+
=
+
+
+
+
+
2
2
2 618
0 382
2
2 618
0
1
2
3
3382)
A
s
s
s
s
A
s
1
2
2
2
2
2
2 618
0 382
2
0 618
1 618
2
= + ×
+
+
+
=
× −
= −
=
=−
(
)
(
)(
.
)(
.
)
.
.
(
ss
s
s
s
s
+
×
+
+
+
=
−
× −
=
=−
2 618
2
2
2 618
0 382
2
0 618
2 236
2 618
.
)
(
)(
.
)(
.
)
.
.
.
11 4474
.
A
s
s
s
s
s
3
0 382
0 382
2
2
2 618
0 382
2
1 618 2 236
= +
×
+
+
+
=
×
=−
(
.
)
(
)(
.
)(
.
)
.
.
.
==
0 5528
.
∴
+
+
+
=
−
+
+
+
+
1
2
2 618
0 382
2
2
1 4474
2 618
0 5528
(
)(
.
)(
.
)
(
)
.
(
.
)
.
(
s
s
s
s
s
s
++
0 382
.
)
\
v
o
(
t
)
=
(
.
.
) ( )
.
.
−
+
+
−
−
−
2
1 4474
0 5528
2
2 618
0 382
e
e
e
u t
t
t
t
V
13.18
Analysis of Dynamic Circuits by Laplace Transforms
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