The Phasor Concept
7.11
di
dt
di
dt
i
1
2
2
2
=
+
(from Eqn. 7.3-3)
∴
=
+
d i
dt
d i
dt
di
dt
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
Differentiating the Eqn. 7.3-1 with respect to time gives us,
d i
dt
di
dt
di
dt
dv
dt
S
2
1
2
1
2
+
−
=
Substituting for
di
dt
1
and
d i
dt
2
1
2
, we get,
d i
dt
di
dt
i
dv
dt
S
2
2
2
2
2
0 5
0 5
+
+
=
.
.
Now, we solve the steady-state response for
V
m
e
j
w
t
. Let the response be
Y
=
Y
m
e
j
w
t
. Then, substituting
the solution in the
above differential equation,
Y
[(
j
w
)
2
+
(
j
w
)
+
0.5]
e
j
w
t
=
0.5(
j
w
)
V
m
e
j
w
t
∴
Y =
0 5
0 5
0 5
0 5
2
2
2 2
2
. (
)
( .
) (
)
.
( .
)
,
j V
j
V
w
w
w
w
w
w
p
m
m
j
e where
−
+
=
−
+
=
f
f
−−
−
−
tan
( .
)
.
1
2
0 5
w
w
Therefore, the steady-state response for
V
m
e
j
w
t
=
V e
V
e
j t
j
t
m
m
w
w
w
w
w
=
−
+
+
0 5
0 5
2 2
2
.
( .
)
(
)
f
The desired sinusoidal steady-state response is obtained by taking the real part of this solution and
is
=
0 5
0 5
2
0 5
2 2
2
1
2
.
( .
)
cos
tan
( .
)
.
w
w
w
w
p
w
w
V
t
m
−
+
+ −
−
−
7.4
the phasor concept
Solving for particular integral of a differential equation for sinusoidal input has been rendered
easy by the use of complex exponential function as shown in the previous sections.
But deriving
the differential equation remains a tedious affair even now. Arriving at the proper elimination steps
require considerable ingenuity in the case of circuits containing many inductors and capacitors. But
we can avoid all that. We proceed to see how.
The steady-state response of second mesh current
i
2
in the circuit in Fig. 7.3-1 for a complex
exponential input of
V
m
e
j
w
t
was seen to be
0 5
0 5
2 2
2
.
( .
)
.
w
w
w
f
w
V e
e
j
j t
m
−
+
We evaluate this for
w
=
1 rad/sec.
Then
i
V e
e
m
j
jt
2
26 6
0 447
=
−
°
.
.
The equation used for eliminating the first mesh current was
di
dt
di
dt
i
1
2
2
2
=
+
.
Substituting for
i
2
, we get,
7.12
The Sinusoidal Steady-State Response
di
dt
j
V e
e
V e
e
j
j
jt
j
jt
1
26 6
26 6
0 894
0 447
0 447
0 894
=
+
=
+
−
°
−
°
.
.
( .
.
.
.
m
m
))
.
V e
e
j
jt
m
−
°
26 6
Integrating this equation gives us,
i
j
j
V e
e
j
V e
j
jt
j
1
26 6
26 6
1
1
0 447
0 894
0 894
0 447
=
+
=
−
−
°
−
°
( .
.
)
( .
.
)
.
.
m
m
ee
e
V e
e
V e
e
jt
j
j
jt
j
jt
=
=
−
°
−
°
−
°
1
26 6
26 6
53 2
.
.
.
m
m
We have got the two mesh currents now. Therefore, we can obtain all the circuit variables now. For
instance, the current in the common resistor is given by
i
i
V e
e
e
V
j
j
e
j
j
jt
1
2
53 2
26 6
0 447
0 6
0 8 0 4
0 2
− =
−
=
−
−
+
−
°
−
°
m
m
(
.
)
( .
.
.
. )
.
.
jjt
jt
j
jt
V
j
e
V e
e
=
−
=
−
°
m
m
( .
. )
.
.
0 2
0 6
0 632
71 6
The voltage across 1H inductor is given by
di
dt
d
dt
V e
e
V je
e
V e
e
e
j
jt
j
jt
j
j
jt
1
53 2
53 2
90
53 2
=
=
=
−
°
−
°
° −
°
(
)
.
.
.
m
m
m
==
°
V e
e
j
jt
m
26 6
.
.
Based on the above example, we arrive at the following conclusion.
All element voltage variables and all element current variables in a linear dynamic circuit
driven by a complex exponential function
X
m
e
j
w
t
will assume the form (
Y
m
e
j
f
)
e
j
w
t
under
steady-state condition where (
Y
m
e
j
f
) represents the relevant
complex amplitude
for the
variables.
Y
m
will be proportional to
X
m
.
7.4.1
Kirchhoff’s laws in terms of complex amplitudes
Consider a mesh containing
n elements in a general linear dynamic circuit. Let it be in steady-state
condition under complex exponential drive. Let the angular frequency of the complex exponential
function be
w
. Then we can represent each element voltage variable,
v
i
for
i
=
1 to
n, as
v
V e
e
i
im
j
j t
i
=
(
)
f
w
under steady-state condition. We assume for simplicity that we encounter
the positive polarity of
voltage variable first when we traverse the mesh in clock-wise direction. Then, applying KVL in the
mesh results in the following KVL equation.
(
)
(
)
(
)
V e
e
V e
e
V e
e
t
i
j
j t
j
j t
n
j
j t
n
1
2
1
2
0
m
m
m
for all
f
f
w
f
w
w
+
+ +
=
.. ., [(
) (
)
(
)]
.
e
V e
V e
V e
e
t
i e
j
m
j
n
j
j t
n
for all
m
m
1
2
1
2
0
f
f
+
+ +
=
f
w
.., [(
) (
)
(
)]
.
m
m
m
V e
V e
V e
j
j
n
j
n
1
2
1
2
0
f
f
+
+ +
=
f
Thus, the KVL equation under complex exponential steady-state response condition can be
written entirely in terms of the
complex amplitudes of the steady-state element voltages. The common
The Phasor Concept
7.13
complex exponential function format
e
j
w
t
that appears in
all element voltages may be suppressed in
KVL equations.
Similar conclusion can be stated for KCL equations at nodes of a dynamic circuit under complex
exponential steady-state response condition.
KVL equation in a mesh (KCL equation at a node) becomes a
mesh equation (
node equation) only
when
mesh currents (
node voltages)
are used to replace element voltages (currents). We need the
element equations for that. Hence we need to see how the
complex amplitudes of element voltage and
current are related to each other in the case of
R,
L, C etc.
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