1.1.2
Electric Potential and voltage
The force experienced by a charge q in arbitrary motion under quasi-static conditions due to another
moving charge has three components as explained in the previous sub-section. The second component
that is velocity dependent and the third component that is acceleration dependent are put together to
form the non-electrostatic component. Thus, the force experienced by q due to another charge has an
electrostatic component and a non-electrostatic component.
The force experienced by a charge q in the presence of many charges can be obtained by adding the
individual forces by vector addition. Thus, the electrostatic force experienced by the charge q due to
a system of charges is a superposition of electrostatic force components from the individual charges.
Electrostatic field intensity vector, E
s
, at a point in space is defined as the total electrostatic force
vector acting on a unit test charge (i.e., q is taken as 1C) located at that point. Then, the electrostatic
force experienced by a charge q located at a point P (x, y, z) is given in magnitude and direction by q
E
s
N. The SI unit of electrostatic field intensity is Newtons per Coulomb.
Electrostatic field intensity due to a point charge falls in proportion to square of distance between
location of charge and location at which the field is measured. Hence, the field intensity at large
distance from a system of finite amount of charge tends to reach zero level. Therefore, a test charge
of 1 C located at infinite distance away from the charge collection will experience zero electrostatic
force.
Now assume that the test charge of 1 C that was initially at infinity is brought to point P(x, y, z) by
moving it quasi-statically through the electrostatic field. The agent who moves the charge has to apply
a force that is numerically equal to
| |
E
s
and opposite in direction. The total work to be done in moving
the unit test charge from infinity to P(x, y, z) is obtained by integrating the quantity
-
i
E x y z
dl
s
, ,
(
)
over the path of travel where
dl
is a small length element in the path of travel. This work is, by
definition, the electric potential (electrostatic potential to be precise) at the point P(x, y, z). It is usually
designated by V(x, y, z). Then,
V x y z
E x y z
dl
( , , )
( , , )
= −
∫
i
s
l
(1.1-1)
The unit of electric potential is Newton-meter per Coulomb or Joule per Coulomb. This unit is
given the name ‘Volt’. This leads to another unit for electrostatic field intensity – namely, Volt/m.
Electrostatic force field is a conservative force field. Hence the value of this work integral will
depend only on the end-points and not on the particular path that was traversed. Therefore, this work
integral (and hence the potential at point P(x, y, z)) has a unique value that depends on P(x, y, z) only.
Moreover, the conservative nature of electrostatic force field implies that the work done in taking a test
charge around a closed path in that field is zero.
Eqn. 1.1-1 defines the potential at a point with respect to a point at infinity. The difference in
potential at two points can be interpreted as the work to be done to carry a unit test charge from one
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