4.40
Nodal Analysis and Mesh Analysis
of Memoryless Circuits
Step-2: Identify meshes and assign mesh current variables.
There are three meshes and there is no current source to impose any constraints on them. Hence,
all the three meshes are assigned mesh current variables.
Step-3: Identify the controlling variable of dependent sources in terms of mesh current variables
and express dependent source functions in terms of mesh current variables.
i
x
is the controlling variable of
V
2
.
i
x
is the current flowing in
R
4
from top to bottom and hence it is
equal to (
i
2
-
i
3
). Therefore,
the source function of V
2
is
k
1
(
i
2
-
i
3
) with
k
1
=
-
4.
v
x
is the controlling variable for
V
3
.
v
x
is the voltage across
R
1
. Therefore,
v
x
=
R
1
i
1
and the source
function of
V
3
is
k
2
R
1
i
1
with
k
2
=
6.5.
Step-4: Prepare the mesh equations and solve them.
The mesh equations are written with the dependent source functions expressed in terms of mesh
current variables.
Mesh-1
− +
−
− +
−
=
+
−
−
V
R i
R i
i
k i
i
i e
R
R i
R
k
1
1 1
2
2
1
1
2
3
1
2
1
2
0
(
)
(
)
. ., (
)
(
11
2
1 3
1
1
2
3
2
2
1
3 2
4
3
2
0
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
i
k i
V
k i
i
R i
i
R i
R i
i
−
=
−
−
+
− +
−
−
=
Mesh-2
ii e
R i
R
R
R
k i
R
k i
R i
i
R
. .,
(
)
(
)
(
)
−
+
+
+
−
−
−
=
−
+
2 1
2
3
4
1
2
4
1
3
4
3
2
0
Mesh-3
55 3
2 1 1
2 1 1
4 2
4
5
3
0
0
i
k R i
i e
k R i
R i
R
R i
−
=
−
−
+
+
=
. .,
(
)
These equations are expressed in matrix form below.
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
R
R
R
k
k
R
R
R
R
k
R
k
k R
R
R
R
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
3
4
1
4
1
2 1
4
4
5
+
−
−
−
−
+
+
−
−
−
−
−
+
=
[ ]
i
i
i
V
1
2
3
1
1
0
0
Note the asymmetry in Mesh Resistance Matrix.
Substituting the numerical values and solving for mesh currents by Cramer’s rule,
5
7
4
3
9
5
13
1
5
1
0
0
3
1
2
3
−
−
−
−
−
=
[ ]
i
i
i
⇒
i
1
=
1A,
i
2
=
2A and
i
3
=
3A
Step-5: Apply KCL at various nodes of the circuit to find all the element
currents and resistor
voltages.
Consider
R
4
. Applying KCL at the node formed by
R
3
,
R
4
and
R
5
, we get the current flowing from
top to bottom in
R
4
as
i
2
-
i
3
. However, the reference direction that was chosen for current in
R
4
is from
bottom to top. Hence,
current in R
4
=
-
(
i
2
-
i
3
) in the direction marked in Fig. 4.9-1. The value is 1A.
This makes the value of
i
x
equal to –1A and hence the dependence voltage source
V
2
source function
becomes –4
×
-
1
=
4V.
Consider
R
1
. The reference direction for its current as marked in Fig. 4.9-1 is from left to right and
is in the same direction as the first mesh current.
R
1
is wholly owned by first mesh and hence current
through it is
i
1
itself. The value is 1A. That makes the voltage across
R
1
equal to 2V. Moreover, the
value of
v
x
is also 2V. Therefore, the source function
of the dependent voltage V
1
is 6.5
×
2
=
13V.
The remaining voltage and current variables also may be evaluated similarly. The
complete circuit
solution is shown in Fig. 4.9-2.
Mesh Analysis of Circuits Containing Dependent
Sources
4.41
V
1
v
x
6.5
v
x
i
x
3 V
–1 A
–1 A
–3 A
1 A
2 A
1 A
1 A
3 A
2 V
+
+
+
–
–
+
–
+
+
+
+
–
–
–
–
–
4 V
3 V
1 V
13 V
–4
i
x
12 V
2 V
1A
2A
3A
Fig. 4.9-2
Complete mesh analysis solution for Example 4.9-1
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