3.46
Single
Element Circuits
Solution
(i) The effective value of
C
2
and
C
3
in parallel is 6
m
F and this 6
m
F is in series with
C
1
which is
also of 6
m
F. Therefore, the effective capacitance of the entire circuit is 3
m
F. The initial voltage
across the equivalent capacitor is 5V
+
3V
=
8V. The area under input current is 9
m
C for all
t
≥
3
m
s. Therefore, the net A-s dumped into the equivalent capacitor at 5
m
s is 9
m
C. This produces a
change in voltage by 9
m
C/3
m
F
=
3V.
Change in voltage in a series combination of capacitors is shared by the capacitors in inverse
proportion to capacitance values. Therefore,
change in voltage of
C
1
=
(1/
C
2
/
C
3
)/(1/
C
1
+
1/
C
2
/
C
3
) times 3V
=
1.5V. Similarly
change in
v
2
(
t)
=
1.5V. Therefore,
v
1
(
t) at 5
m
s
=
5V
+
1.5V
=
6.5V and
v
2
(
t) at 5
m
s
=
3V
+
1.5V
=
4.5 V.
(ii) The capacitor voltages at 4
m
s are the same as at 5
m
s since the current source value is zero after
3
m
s. Therefore, the stored energy in various capacitors can be calculated using the voltage values.
Stored
energy in C
1
=
0.5
×
6
×
6.5
2
m
J
=
126.75
m
J
Stored energy in
C
2
=
0.5
×
3
×
4.5
2
m
J
=
30.375
m
J
Stored energy in
C
3
=
0.5
×
3
×
4.5
2
m
J
=
30.375
m
J
Total stored energy
=
187.5
m
J
(iii)
The initial charge in C
1
was 30
m
C and in
C
2
//
C
3
was 18
m
C. Thus initial charges in the two
capacitors in series combination were not equal. Hence there will be trapped energy in the system.
Initial stored energy
=
0.5
×
6
×
5
2
+
0.5
×
3
×
3
2
+
0.5
×
3
×
3
2
=
102
m
J.
Initial energy in the equivalent capacitor
=
0.5
×
3
×
8
2
=
96
m
J.
Therefore, trapped energy
=
102
-
96
=
6
m
J.
3.8
summAry
• A linear resistor obeys Ohm’s law and is a memory-less element. The power delivered to a positive
resistor is a non-negative function of time. Resistors in series have a common current and share
the total voltage and power in proportion to their resistance values. Resistors in parallel have a
common voltage and share the total current and power in proportion to their conductance values.
•
Inductor is an element that accumulates flux linkage (V-s or Wb-T) and makes its response
variable,
i.e., current, proportional to the accumulated flux linkage. Capacitor is an element that
accumulates charge (A-s or C) and makes its response variable,
i.e., voltage, proportional to the
accumulated charge.
• The voltage across an inductor at
t is proportional to the rate of change of current through it at
t.
The current through the inductor is proportional to the area under the voltage waveform,
i.e., the
V-s product (or Wb-T) applied across its terminals from
t
=
-∞
to
t.
• Instantaneous current in an inductor cannot be predicted from instantaneous value of voltage
across it. If instantaneous value of voltage is positive the inductor current will be increasing at that
instant and if it is negative the current will be decreasing at that instant.
• When voltage across an inductor crosses zero in the downward direction its current attains a local
maximum and when it crosses zero in the upward direction the inductor current attains a local
minimum. Voltage across an inductor carrying a constant current is zero.
• Current in an inductor cannot change instantaneously unless an impulse
voltage is applied or
supported in the circuit. The current in an inductor
L changes instantaneously
by 1/L A when the
circuit applies or supports a unit impulse voltage across it.
• An inductor with a large inductance value can absorb alternating voltages in a circuit without
contributing significant amount of alternating currents to the circuit.
Problems
3.47
• The total energy delivered to an inductor carrying a current
I is (1/2)
LI
2
Joules and this energy is
stored in its magnetic field. The inductor will be able to deliver this stored energy back to other
elements in the circuit if called upon to do so.
•
A single inductor L
eq
=
L
1
+
L
2
+
…
+
L
n
can replace a set of
n inductors connected in series. The
total applied voltage, total flux linkage and total stored energy are shared by the various inductors
in direct proportion to inductance values
• A single inductor
L
eq
can replace a set of
n inductors connected in parallel as far as
changes in flux
linkages,
changes in currents and
changes in stored energy are concerned.
1
1
1
1
1
2
L
L
L
L
n
eq
=
+
+ +
• The current through a capacitor at any instant is proportional to the rate of change of voltage across
it at that instant. The voltage across the capacitor at any instant is proportional to the area under the
current waveform,
i.e., the A-s product (or
C) applied through it from
t
=
-∞
to that instant.
• Instantaneous voltage across a capacitor cannot be predicted from instantaneous value of current
through it. If instantaneous value of current is positive the capacitor voltage will be increasing at
that instant and if it is negative the voltage will be decreasing at that instant.
• When current through a capacitor crosses zero in the downward direction its voltage attains a local
maximum and when it crosses zero in the upward direction the capacitor voltage attains a local
minimum. Current through a capacitor with a constant voltage across it is zero.
• Voltage in a capacitor can not change instantaneously unless an
impulse current is applied
or supported in the circuit. Unit impulse current will deposit 1
C of charge in a capacitor
instantaneously. Therefore, the voltage across a capacitor
C changes instantaneously
by 1/C V
when the circuit applies or supports
a unit impulse current through it.
• A large capacitor can absorb alternating currents in a circuit without contributing significant
amount of alternating voltages in the circuit.
• The total energy delivered to a capacitor carrying a voltage
V across it is (1/2)
CV
2
J and this energy
is stored in its electric field. Stored energy in a capacitor is also given by (1/2
C)
Q
2
J and QV/2
J. The capacitor will be able to deliver this stored energy back to other elements in the circuit if
called upon to do so.
• A single capacitor
C
eq
can replace a set of
n capacitors connected in series as far as
changes in
charge,
changes in
voltage and changes in total stored energy are concerned.
1
1
1
1
1
2
C
C
C
C
eq
n
=
+
+ +
• A single capacitor
C
eq
=
C
1
+
C
2
+
…
+
C
n
can replace a set of
n capacitors connected in parallel.
The total charge, total current and total stored energy are shared by the various capacitors in direct
proportion to capacitance value in a parallel connection of capacitors.
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