Praise belongs to Allah, the Lord of the Worlds, and peace and blessings be upon our master Muhammad



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Imam Abu Hanifa

The Mu‘tazilites 
 
This group originated during the Umayyad period and dominated Islamic thought in the Abbasid era for a 
long time. Iraq, in the time of the Rightly Guided Khalifs and Umayyads, was home to a number of ethnic and 
religious groups of different origins. Some were descended from the ancient Chaldean inhabitants of Iraq; 
others were Persians, Christians, Jews, or Arabs. Most of them became Muslims. Some understood Islam in 
the light of the ancient teachings of their own traditions. Some took Islam from its pure source and imbibed it 
without alteration, but even so their feelings and ideas were not purely Islamic. 


There was an involuntary inclination towards the past of the kind which psychologists call “unconscious”. 
That is why, when there was much civil war at the time of ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib in Iraq, the ancient sects were 
awakened and appeared in Iraq, gathering around the Kharijites and Shi‘a. It was in the midst of this jumble of 
opinions and confused sects that the Mu‘tazilites made their appearance.
Scholars disagree about when the Mu‘tazilites first appeared. Some think that they began with the people 
of ‘Ali who withdrew from politics and devoted themselves to the pursuit of knowledge when al-Hasan 
surrendered the khalifate to Mu‘awiya. At-Tara’ifi states in his book, 
The People of Sects and Innovations

“They called themselves Mu‘tazilites. When al-Hasan offered his allegiance to Mu‘awiya, they withdrew 
(
i‘tazala
) from al-Hasan and Mu‘awiya and all people. They were among the adherents of ‘Ali. They kept to 
their homes and mosques, saying ‘We are busy with knowledge and worship.’” 
Most sources state that the progenitor of the Mu‘tazilites was Wasil ibn ‘Ata’. He was one of those who 
used to attend the gathering of al-Hasan al-Basri at the time when the question arose which preoccupied the 
minds of so many people of the period: the question of whether committing a major wrong action makes its 
perpetrator an unbeliever. Wasil said in opposition to al-Hasan al-Basri, who had refused to become involved 
in the debate, “I say that the one who commits a major wrong action is neither a believer nor an unbeliever. 
He is between the two positions.” Then he withdrew 
(i‘tazala
) from al-Hasan’s assembly and set up another in 
the mosque. From this you see why he and his people were called Mu‘tazilites.
Certain orientalists, however, believe that they were called that because they were fearful pious men who 
withdrew from the pleasures of life as is indicated by their name. In fact, not all the men ascribed to this group 
conformed to that description. Some were suspected of acts of disobedience and some were godfearing. 

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