1. Innate qualities,
or quasi-innate, or those which can be acquired which become like personal talents. In
general, they are qualities which characterise a person’s psychological disposition and intellectual gifts.
2. The mentors
with whom a person studies, their effect upon him, and who define for him the method he
chooses to follow or who show him the various methods by whose light the path for him to follow becomes
clear.
3. Personal life and experiences
and the events which touch his life or befall him which make him
proceed in certain directions. Two individuals may have the same gifts and shaykhs but one will be successful
and the other not, or he will set out on a path which does not lead to success because his personal life has
ordained another path for him, and so the two go different ways.
4. The era in which he lives
and the intellectual environment in which he liveds and in which his gifts
flourishes.
We will look at each of these factors in turn.
Abu Hanifa’s Qualities
Abu Hanifa had natural qualities which set him in the highest rank of scholars and he was characterised by
the qualities of the true firm, reliable scholar. He had self-control and contained his feelings. He did not
indulge in unnecessary or ugly words far from the truth. He once argued about a question on which Hasan al-
Basri had given a
fatwa
. He stated, “Hasan erred.” A man said to him, “You say that Hasan erred, son of a
whore!” He did not redden or blanch. He said, “By Allah, Hasan erred and ‘Abdullah ibn Mas‘ud was
correct.” He used to say, “O Allah, if someone is annoyed by us, our heart is open to him.”
This calmness and tolerance did not issue from a person with no feelings or stem from lack of emotion. He
was a man with a sensitive heart and soul. It is related that one of those with whom he debated shouted at him,
“Innovator! Heretic!” He rejoined, “May Allah forgive you. Allah knows that I am not that. I have not turned
from Him since I knew Him and I only hope for His pardon and only fear His punishment.” He wept when he
mentioned the punishment. The man told him, “Pardon me regarding what I said.” He said, “If any of the
people of ignorance say something about me, I pardon them. As for the people of knowledge who say
something about me, they are sinful. The slander of the scholars will cause something to remain after them.”
So his calm was not an unfeeling one. It was the composure of someone who knows himself and is tranquil
by his fear of Allah and is only concerned about what is connected to Allah and not what is connected to the
dirt of people, like a clear unsullied sheet to which none of the harmful words of people stick. His composure
was that of one who restrains himself and endures without attacking and dislikes the tempests which the self
can provoke.
His independence of thought prevented him from losing himself in others’ opinions. His shaykh Hammad
recognised this quality in him. He used to encourage him to examine every case and not to accept any idea
without examining it first. His independent thought made him see things as a free person, not subject to
anything except for a text of the Book or
Sunna
or a
fatwa
of a Companion. He thought one could look into
the position of the
Tabi‘un
who might err or be right because their opinion did not have to be followed nor
was its imitation part of scrupulousness. He lived in Kufa, which was essentially a Shi‘ite milieu, and met the
Shi‘ite Imams in his time, like Zayd ibn ‘Ali, Muhammad al-Baqir, Ja‘far as-Sadiq and ‘Abdullah ibn Hasan,
and yet he maintained his high opinion of the great Companions in spite of his inclination to the noble family
of the Prophet and his love for the People of the House.
Ibn ‘Abdu’l-Barr states in
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