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MINISTRY OF HIGHER AND SECONDARY SPECIAL
EDUCATION
OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY of UZBEKISTAN
named after MIRZO ULUGBEK
TAGAYMUROTOVA MARYAM ABDURAZZAK KIZI
Semantic and contextual features of phraseological units in Uzbek
literary texts and their equivalents in English
DISSERTATION
for being awarded with the academic Phd degree
Scientific adviser:
DSc. of Phylogical, prof.
. . .
November 17, 2022
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REZYUME
Frazeologik birliklarni tarjima qilish badiiy tarjimaning eng qiyin muammolar-
idan biridir.Magistrlik dissertatsiyasi O‘zbek badiiy asarlaridagi frazeologik bir-
liklar va ularning Ingliz tilidagi ekvivalentlarini tahlil qilishga bag‘ishlangan.O‘zbek
badiiy asarlaridan P.Qodirovning “Yulduzli tunlar” romani, S.Ahmadning “Yo‘qotganlarim
va topganlarim” asarlari tanlab olindi, chunki u boy, frazeologik birliklarga boy
tilga ega bo‘lib, O‘zbek adabiyoti tarixida munozarali asarlardan biri sifatida
tanilgan.
Dissertatsiyaning kirish qismida frazeologik birliklarning klassifikatsiyasi,
nazariy aspektlari yoritilgan. U tarjimonning idiomalarni tarjima qilishda duch
kelishi mumkin bo‘lgan muammolarga taalluqlidir.
Birinchi bobda frazeologiya va frazeologik birliklarning turlari ko‘rib chiqiladi.
U ikki asosiy qismga bo‘lingan bo‘lib, birinchi bo‘limda to‘liq frazeologizmlar
haqida so‘z yuritilgan bo‘lsa, ikkinchi qismida ularni tarjima qilish jarayonida
qiyinchiliklar, lingvistik xususiyatlar va tarjimon duch kelgan holatlar O‘zbek
va Ingliz tillari misolida ko‘rsatilgan.
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Ushbu bobda frazeologik birliklarning turli tasniflari va ularni talqin qilishn-
ing xilma-xil yondashuvlariga e’tibor qaratilgan. Frazeologik birliklarni lingvo-
madaniy xususiyatlari bilan bir qatorda frazeologik birliklarning milliy-madaniy
xususiyatlari ham keltirilgan.
Frazeologik birliklar turli jamiyatlarning lingvomadaniy hodisalari, o‘ziga xos
ijtimoiy-axloqiy qadriyatlari, milliy o‘zlikva tillarning frazeologik boyliklarini
aks ettiradi. Frazeologizmlarda milliy qadriyatlar tizimini ifodalash borasidagi
tadqiqotlarga alohida e’tibor qaratildi.
Ikkinchi bobda badiiy matnlardagi frazeologik birliklar va ularning tarjimasi
muammosiga e’tibor qaratilgan. U tarjimonning tarjima bilan bog‘liq qiyin-
chiliklarini ko‘rsatadi. Ikkinchi bob uchta qismdan iborat bo‘lib, frazeologik
birliklarni semantik, kontekstual xususiyatlarini hamda O‘zbek va Ingliz tillari
misolida keltirib berilgan.
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Uchinchi bob tarjima qilingan frazeologik birliklar va tarjima sifati tahliliga
bag‘ishlangan. Birinchi qism tahlillarni o‘z ichiga olgan bo‘lsa, ikkinchi qism
ham nazariy ham amaliy tahlillardan tashkil topgan, tarjimaning mukammal
bo‘lishi kerak bo‘lgan narsalarni muhokama qilinadi.
Frazeologik iboralar ma’nosi to‘liq ularning tarkibiy qismlariga bog‘liq bo‘lgan
birliklardir. Mukammal tarjima - bu semantik, ekspressiv, estetik tamoyillar
vaekvivalentliklarning majmuasi hisoblanadi. Agar frazeologik bo‘lmagan tar-
jima eng mos variant deb hisoblansa, bunda leksik tarjima yoki kalk tarjima
turlari mavjud. Leksik tarjima frazeologizmning boshqa barcha uslub va ma’no
jihatlaridan tashqari, denotativ ma’nosini boshqa so‘zlar orqali tushuntirish-
dan iborat. Har bir xalqning madaniyatida turli jamoalar uchun xos bo‘lgan
ifoda usullari mavjud bo‘lib, ularni tarjima qilinayotgan tilga mos ravishda tar-
jima qilib bo‘lmaydi. Dissertatsiya ishining uchinchi bobida yuqorida keltirilgan
muammolar keltirib o‘tilgan va misollar yordamida tahlil qilingan.
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1
Mundarija
2
Chapter I. Theoretical approaches to phraseological units
1.1. Theoretical approaches to phraseological units
1.2. Linguistic features of phraseological units in the Uzbek and English
languages
3
Chapter II. Semantic features of phraseological units in the context in Uzbek
and English languages
2.1. Semantic features of phraseological units in the context in Uzbek and
English languages
2.2. Contextual usage and peculiarities of phraseological units comparing
Uzbek and English languages
4
Chapter III. Phraseological Units: Problems of translation and their equiv-
alency in literary texts
3.1. Problems of translation of phraseological units in Uzbek and English
languages
3.2. Structural and semantic analysis of phraseological units based on the
novel “Starry Nights” by P. Qodirov
5
List of published articles
6
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar
7
Ilovalar
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Kirish
Topicality and substantiation of the dissertation.
Learning a foreign
language is becoming increasingly popular among youngsters in our century as
well as the great attention is directed to the scientific researches and their
theoretical and practical values equally. Especially, the English language is
being learned as a second language by the people of the most countries. The
President of our country Sh. M. Miromonovich pays special attention to this
sphere too, which has an important place in ensuring the future of the country
and its development. In the Decree of President of Uzbekistan “On
Uzbekistan’s development” Strategy is mentioned about above achieving
major improvement in quality of general secondary education, facilitating
in-depth study of foreign languages, computer science, and other important
and popular disciplines [
?
]. However, learning language demands the number
researches, learning process and ability to analyze linguistic skills from one
language into another.
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The word “phraseology” has very different meaning in other cultures. However,
the term “idiom” appeared in European languages. History of formation of
phraseological sets goes back to centuries, they also do not stand in one place,
but due to its closeness to social life, develop. History of formation of phraseo-
logical sets goes back to centuries, they also do not stand in one place, but due
to its closeness to social life, develop. It creates the new conditions for them
to undergo some changes, sometimes assuming such kind if translation pecu-
liarities that may cause to some discussions and debates. These qualities make
them to be compared as well as with other group of words, set of expressions,
etc [
?
].
Research of phraseological units in differentsystematic languages may contribute
to a deeper analysis of the most peculiar objective features which are immi-
nent to these languages.According to some specific cases, phraseological units
and phraseological expressions are investigated by Eastern and Western lin-
guists and as well as Uzbek scientists such as Sh.Rahmatullayev, B.Yo‘ldoshev,
A.Mamatov, M.Sodiqova and others while British and the American linguists
L. Smith, V. Collins, H.E. Palmer are some major foreign scholars, who also
dealt with these sets of expressions.
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The most fundamental investigations are explored by these methodologists L.
Smith “The English language”, N.M. Kayevskaya “English lexicology”.
The
object of the research
is phraseological units in Uzbek literary novels and
their equivalents in English.
The subject of the research
is semantic and contextual features of phrase-
ological units.
The aim of our research
is to study phraseological units from semantic and
contextual perspectives.
The tasks of the research are:
-
to analyze types and features of phraseological units in literary texts;
-
to reveal semantic features of phraseological units in context;
-
to describe their contextual meanings with underlying semantic point of view;
-
to illustrate the substantiation of their Uzbek translations;
-
to give recommendations on translation of phraseological units from Uzbek
into English language;
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The main issues and hypotheses of the research:
In this work, we look
at semantic, contextual features andequivalence in translation of phraseological
units, our working hypothesis is that the correspondence of following elements
in the translation is prior in the process of translation as the work gets its own
originality in target language as in its own source language. It has been waited
from the work to get approval of priorities in translation.
Our research is dedicated to the abovementioned issues and we have pub-
lished3articles on this theme, including, “Semantic features of phraseological
units in the Uzbek and English languages” published in the article collection of
“Zamonaviy tilshunoslik va tarjimashunoslikning dolzarb muammolari” in 2020,
and “The peculiarities of phraseological units in context” published in scientific
journal “ÀÑÒÀ NUUz”, 2021. “Semantic features of phraseological units and
their equivalence in the Uzbek and English languages” published in “Scientific
Journal of Scientific Progress” in 2021.
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Literature review.
In translation of phraseologisms, it is important to
choose an adequate method to achieve the same semantic and emotionally equiv-
alent lexical units. Phraseological units were studied by such scholars as, R.
Zorivchak, V. Cononenko, O. Counin, L. Lisichenco, G. Pavlovskiy, A.Galperin,
T. Kazakova, V.Vinogradov, A. Makkai, C. Fernando, A. Smirnitskiy and oth-
ers. As a problems of rendering phraseological units are mentioned such as
phraseological units, semi-idioms, phraseomatic units.
In two languages, especially if they are not from one language family, it is a
difficult task to find absolutely same or very close correspondence. Equivalence
is provided partially, what causes a gap either in meaning or in expressiveness
of the product of translation. Non-full or partial equivalents are phraseological
expressions, with slight or considerable differences in semantic, compositional,
grammatical sides.
Some expressions are not similar to the phraseological expression in the
target language, but refer to the same group of subject.The point where many
scholars’ minds overlap about phraseological units is there peculiarity not being
“produced at the moment of conversation but are reproduced as rigid lexico-
grammatical units with a firm semantical background.
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[
?
] Translation requires mastery, skill, talent. To speak generally, it is not an
easy task, and translating idioms, especially, makes it rather a more difficult
task. Pedersen argues that: “The translation of idioms is as difficult as it is
central”.
Research methods:
The research is based on a system of methods, such
as descriptive, comparative, contextual.
Scientific novelty of the research work
is that the culture-specific fea-
tures of phraseological units are determined and their peculiarities are identified.
Phraseological units on the theme of kindness, merriment, prosperity, jealous-
ness, discontent are chosen in literary texts.Phraseological units translated from
Uzbek into English and their influence on the overall mood of literary works
as well as translation strategies are applied in the process of translation, to
what direction was changed the attitude towards the literary translation.It is
revealed that differences between a competent translation and possibilities of
perfect translation in Uzbek literary texts.
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Scientific and practical significance of research results
of work is
that semantic and contextual connotations of phraseological units in Uzbek
and English literary texts are theoretically important. Translators who work
on translation of literary novels and usage of phraseological units and their
equivalents translated from Uzbek into English and their comparison between
them play practically actual role in this field. It can be useful as a literary source
to study this subject matter in broader science of linguistics and translation.
The structure of the dissertation
includes an introduction, three chapters
each with their paragraphs, a conclusion, a resume and the list of used literature,
all of the total amount is 79 of printed text.
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The first chapter focuses on the theoretical part of the research work and it
is aimed to the thorough study of theoretical aspects including background and
peculiar features of phraseological units in Uzbek and English languages.
The second chapter focuses on the contents and classification of phraseological
units in Uzbek and English languages and their usage in context.
The third chapter deals with analysis of phraseological units based on Uzbek
literary novels translated into English. Phraseological units and their usage are
analyzed in context from the point of semantic and contextual features.
()
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Bo‘lim I. Theoretical approaches to phraseological units
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1.1. Theoretical approaches to phraseological units
“Translation is not only a matter of words: It is a matter of making intelligible
a whole culture.”
Anthony Burgess
There is a thousand-year history in the English language that has improved
and accumulated a vast number of set expressions which are considered to be
accurate and meaningful in oral and written speech. Likewise, there was a
special layer of language that is named phraseology and it possesses an
independent meaning. The comprehension of phraseology makes it available to
understand journalistic and fiction literary texts.
Based on the A.V.Kunin’s given definition, a phraseological unit is a
combination of words that completely or partially change their meanings.
Hence, character, stability, and the changing meanings of words in a
combination above the word level, along with other language units, are the
criteria for phraseological units, which determine their particular position in
the language structure [
?
].
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It is obvious that phraseological units have encompassed with semantic
process. Scientists who worked on this field have not reached their meaning
yet. Formal semantic structure of the phraseological unit represents another
different issue. Researchers in the field of phraseology admit that there are
two views emerged in the semantic properties of components of the
phraseological unit. They are the following:
1. Phraseological components do not have a common meaning with words,
but they have specific features;
2. Phraseological components do not have significant semantic differences
from words: both of them are carriers of separate semantics, on the point
of phraseology, connected to the meanings;
According to A.V.Zhukov, a common shortcoming of the above
considerations is that “the absoluteness of the various properties of
components that are not in fact common to all components, have been
revealed to a different degree, or have a potential property”.
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There are scholars such as Zhukov, A.I.Molotkov, A.L.Oniani, E.X.Rott,
V.N.Telia and others consider that the components of phraseological units lose
their relation with the object as well as lexical meaning and nominative
function. Zhukov writes that the components of a fixed expression do not have
the appropriate semantic features of the words although different fixed
expressions indicate degrees of approximation from the words [
?
].
According to A.I.Molotkov, “components of fixed expressions depend not
only on the essence of words but also on lexical meaning as well as in terms of
form, the components of the fixed unit have lost various grammatical
categories specific to the genetic source, the word and the component retains
only the phonetic appearance of the word, its phonetic appearance” [
?
].
A.L.Oniani believes that when the components of phraseological units are
combined with words only for the plane of expression, it is impossible to
combine the components of a fixed unit in the concept of a word. The author
also defines that the components of phraseological units cannot
()
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1.2. Linguistic features of phraseological units in the Uzbek and
English languages
Phraseology is a science about phraseological units that they are stable
combination of words. They reflect the history, the cultures and way of life of
the nation. All the phraseological units have their own features: the structure
ruggedness and separateness - all the phraseological units have divided
structure and have several components which don’t realize their lexical
meanings being inside of the unit because they cannot be translated or used
separately.
“Linguistic and cultural systems are vastly different from each other, but
there are semantic and lexical universals, indicating the general conceptual
basis on which the human language, thinking and culture. Stability of a
grammatical structure means each phraseological unit is a part of some
grammatical category and it is concrete part of speech and that is why it has a
set of grammatical forms and it has the same syntax function as its part of
speech. Structural stability is typically for phraseological units to have
constancy of its components and stability of lexical structure.
()
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“Tarjima atamasi Fors tilidagi “tarzabon” so‘zidan kelib chiqqan bo‘lib, Arab
tilida “chiroyli so‘zlovchi” degan ma’noni bildiradi.” According to G.Salomov,
“The term “translation” is derived from the Persian word “tarzabon”, which in
Arabic means “a beautiful speaker”. (Tagaymurotova’s translation)
As far as the research that has dealt with the study of equivalence in recent
years is concerned, in this view, a more normative than descriptive treatment
of the term “equivalence” has been made, which implies paradoxes and
potential contradictions. Idioms are, according to Bacova’s, characteristic by:
non-compositionality, which means that the meaning of the phrase is not a
straightforward composition of the meaning of its parts. As an example can
serve the idiom
kick the bucket (to die)
, which does not have anything in
common with the activity one-imagines when heard the idiom (
kicking into a
bucket
).
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Bo‘lim II. Semantic features of phraseological units in the context in
Uzbek and English languages
()
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2.1. Semantic features of phraseological units in the context in
Uzbek and English languages
The phraseological units are special units of the language and they express
as well as reflect the cultural identity of the people. Translating phraseological
combinations into English is a very difficult task. As many scientists utter
phraseology is important in language because of its semantic richness,
imagery, clarity, and brilliance. It gives language expressiveness and
originality. Phraseological units are widely used in oral, fiction, and political
literature. In the translation of phraseology, the translator must be able to
find an alternative version of the phrase in the language of translation,
without losing the stylistic function of the phrase, to preserve its content,
imagery. Phraseological equivalents can be complete or partial.
Idiomaning o‘ziga xos belgilari sifatida quyidagilar ko‘rsatiladi:
1)
u faqat ayni tilni o‘zigagina xos, demak, boshqa tillarda xuddi shunday
idiomalar yo‘q;
2)
uni bir tildan ikkinchi tilga so‘zma-so‘z tarjima qilib bo‘lmaydi;
3)
uning ma’nosi tarkibidagi so‘zlar anglashilmaydi.
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One of the distinguishing features of phraseology is that it is necessary to
know the periodicity of the use of the phrase in speech, and the phrase used in
this case may have an unusual or even unusual character. Therefore, this
situation should never be forgotten by the translator. In translation, it is
important to determine whether the interpreter is working with a periodic
connection or a fixed connection. To do this, it must have a huge “prescription
reserve of phraseology”.
It should be noted that in word combinations, as in words, there are
phenomena of ambiguity and homonymy, in which one of its meanings is a
metaphorical expression, the other may be a homonym of phraseology. For
example, the combination to burn one’s fingers has the following meanings:
1.
burn a finger - in its own sense
;
2.
burn to eat, to burn - a phrase; to be narrow in the shoulders
;
But in theory, such compounds could also be context used as variable
compounds. Sometimes phraseologies can be varied, that is, from free
combinations, depending on whether or not a single article is used.
()
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The stylistic devices that have been reshaped by the author and, as a result,
emphasize the associative meaning of phraseologies include: Adding a new
semantically related component to the main meaning. For example, the
combination to put the cart before the horse has been changed to
“Let’s not
put the cart too far ahead of the horse”
.
The most important types of translation in the translation of phraseologies are
equivalent translation, the phraseology in Uzbek that corresponds to the
meaning and content of the phrase, for example:
as cold as ice
.
Analogous translation, that is, the meaning is the same, but the content is
completely or partially different, for example:
“a drop in the bucket - a drop
from the sea”
. Descriptive translation is the translation of a fixed compound
into a free compound. This condition is used when there is no corresponding
phrase in the translation language, for example: “
to rob Peter to pay Paul - to
take another loan to pay off a debt
”.
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2.2. Contextual usage and peculiarities of phraseological units
comparing Uzbek and English languages
Some phraseological units can be more universally used than others; they can
be easily translated, and metaphorical meaning can be more easily deduced.
Phraseological units may have their roots in language history.[43] Therefore,
the presence of intellectual abilities in a person is a value and, accordingly, is
always subject to a positive assessment, and the absence of intellectual
abilities, on the contrary, is always evaluated negatively.
Thus, all phraseological units can be divided into two groups:
1) phraseological units with a negative evaluation;
2) phraseological units with a positive evaluation;
According to Arnold’s viewpoint, “in set phrase the main feature of variability
is a constancy of the lexical components and grammatical structure of word
combinations”.[44]
Both in Uzbek and in English, the intellectual abilities of a person are
expressed in oppositional comparison:
a fool or a smart one
.
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A comparative analysis of phraseological units in the Uzbek and English
languages showed that both in one and the other language there is a greater
number of phraseological units denoting a fool than phraseological units
defining an intelligent person. Thus, we can conclude that the image of a
person from the position of his level of intellectual ability at the level of
phraseology expresses the idea of a fool and smart at the lexical level:
inapprehensive - dumb - fool, intelligent - quick-witted - smart
. Phraseological
unit is not identical with the word and is not equivalent to it completely. “It is
a lexical unit of a more complex type, since the semanticmeaning represented
by a phraseological turn is expressed notby one word, but by a combination of
two or more words”. When conducting a comparative analysis of phraseological
units, reflecting the abilities of the intellectual level of a person in English and
Uzbek, a similarity was noted in their imagery and structural-semantic
structure, as well as stylistic coloring. It should be noted that in the formation
of phraseological units expressing the intellectual abilities of a person in
modern English, the use of the names of body parts is widespread.
()
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Bo‘lim III. Phraseological Units: Problems of translation and
their equivalency in literary texts
()
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3.1. Problems of translation of phraseological units in Uzbek and
English languages
Literary translation has its own linguistic specificity, which is as sociated
notonly with an adequate transfer of the meaning of a word from one language
to another, but also with an equivalent display of the artistic power and
expressiveness of one language through another, as to create the necessary
artistic formalization in translation is possible only through language material.
When translating, the language is the main tool of the translator, which
impose sa huge responsibility on him be for e the original being translated.
“Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest
natural equivalence of the source language message firstly, in terms of meaning
and secondly, in terms of style”.[47] According to the criteria, there are several
problems on translation:
A translation problem is any type of difficulty in the source language text that
obliges the translator to stop translating. This difficulty is mainly due to
grammatical, stylistic, cultural or lexical problems.
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Stylistic Problems:
The style, or the way of writing, of a particular SL text
may pose different problems for the translator. One of these problems is
fronting, in which a word, a phrase or a clause is stated at the beginning of a
sentence in an unusual way. For instance, “suicide he committed” instead of
“he committed suicide”. The purpose behind such a fronting is to emphasize
on the fronted word, or to draw attention to its importance to the meaning of
the whole sentence. Other stylistic problems may include parallelism,
ambiguity, redundancy, and nominalization vs. verbalization.[48]
Cultural Problems:
A number of problems may be raised in cross-cultural
translation. “The greater the gap between the source and target culture, the
more serious difficulty would be”.[49] Translation between English and Uzbek
which belong to two different cultures (the Western and the Oriental cultures),
and which have a different background is a best example of such problems.
Cultural problems may include geographical, religious, social and linguistic
ones.
Lexical Problems:
Lexical problems usually occur when a word or an
expression is not understood, misunderstood or totally unknown to translators.
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Translation by Paraphrase Using Related Words
: It will be useful to use this
strategy when a SL term has an equivalent in the TL, but in a different form,
and when it is more used in the source language than the target one.
Translation by Paraphrase Using Unrelated Words
: This strategy is highly used
in case where a source language item is not lexicalized at all in the target
language. It is mainly based on the modification of a superordinate or the
unpacking of the source item meaning.
Translation by Omission
: This technique is used when a particular word has no
equivalent in the TL, and it plays a little role in the development of the source
text for example its omission does not alter the meaning of the text.
Translation by Compensation
: By compensation, it means playing down a par-
ticular feature at the point it occurs in the ST, and introducing it elsewhere in
the target text.
We would like to analyze some examples taken from short story “New Year’s by

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