Chapter 2: Terrorism
45
it clear that the political motive of an offence is irrelevant where it is likely to involve
killing or injuring members of the public.
181
It is evident, however, from the Good
Friday Agreement, reached between the political branch of the IRA and the UK
Government, that, although indiscriminate violent attacks may constitute criminal
offences, a subsequent amnesty agreement may lift criminal liability where a political
element was involved.
182
This jurisprudence is in conformity with the various anti-terrorist conventions,
despite its outward liberal appearance. These conventions demand that Member
States criminalise the relevant acts and further render them extraditable.
183
However,
all the offences described in anti-terrorist conventions refer to acts which either
directly or indirectly are intended to cause or likely to inflict indiscriminate death or
injury to members of the public, and which are not committed in the context of violent
disturbances. Despite broad ratification of anti-terrorist treaties since 1963, covering
a wide spectrum of areas, national judges still enjoy some discretion in deciding on
a case-by-case basis the political character of an offence in relation to the motive
involved and the means pursued to achieve it. Such judicial determination may
well depend on certain occasions on a common sense of justice prevalent at any
given time in a particular community, due to its affiliation and sympathy to the
offenders and their aims. Some States, however, have limited this judicial discretion
through amendment to their extradition treaties. The US-UK Extradition Treaty of
1977
184
provided in Art 5 a political offence exception to extradition. This served as
the basis by US courts to deny the extradition of members of the IRA. These decisions
were criticised by both the US and the UK, the former fearing adverse effect on law
enforcement and foreign relations, the latter as condoning terrorism. Subsequently,
a Supplementary Treaty was agreed in 1985 as a means of limiting the political offence
exception by making reference to a list of offences that no longer may be regarded as
political.
185
The 1985 Supplementary Treaty endows, under Art 3(a), US judges with
a limited judicial inquiry into the fairness and guarantees of trial in the UK.
186
Despite
the signing of such agreements and the promulgation of laws limiting judicial
discretion, the majority of constitutions contain a clause obliging their independent
judiciary not to apply laws that are in conflict with the constitution.
187
Thus, since
the concepts of fairness, justice and civil rights form an integral part of every
constitutional tradition and, as we have seen, some countries wilfully manipulate
181
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