Synonymy is associated with some theoretical problems, which at present are still
an object of controversy. Probably, the most controversial among these is the problem
of criteria of synonymy. To put it in simpler words, we are still not certain which words
should correctly be considered as synonyms, nor are we agreed as to the characteristic
features which qualify two or more words as synonyms.
Traditional linguistics solved the problem with the
conceptual criterion
and
defined synonyms as words of the same category of parts of speech conveying the
same concept but different either in shades of meaning or in stylistic characteristics.
Some aspects of this definition have been criticized. It has been pointed out that
linguistic phenomena should be defined in linguistic terms and that the use of term
concept makes this an extralinguistic definition. The term “shades of meaning” has been
condemned for its vagueness and lack of precision.
In contemporary research on synonymy semantic criterion is frequently used. In
terms of componential analysis synonyms may be defined as words with the same
denotation, or the same denotative component, but differing in connotations, or in
connotative components.
Though not beyond criticism, this approach has its advantages and suggests certain
methods of analysing synonyms.
A group of synonyms may be studied with help of their dictionary definitions
(definitional analysis). In this work the data from various dictionaries are analysed
comparatively. After that the definitions are subjected to transformational
operations
(transformational analysis). In this way, the semantic components of each analysed
word are singled out.
Here are the results of the definitional and transformational
analysis of some of the
numerous synonyms for the verb to look.
to stare ------- to look + steadily, lastingly + in surprise, curiosity, etc
to glare -------- to look + steadily, lastingly + in anger,rage, fury
to gaze ---------to look + steadily, lastingly + in tenderness, admiration, wonder
to glance ------ to look + briefly, in passing
to peer --------- to look + steadily, lastingly + by stealth; through an opening or from a
concealed location
to peer --------- to look + steadily, lastingly + with difficulty or strain
The common denotation convincingly shows that, according to semantic criterion, the
words grouped in the above table are synonyms. The connotative components
represented on the right side of the table highlight their differentiations.
In modern research of synonyms the criterion of
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