KYRGYZSTAN
K
Kyrgyzstan’s future seemed very bright in the early
1990s, as it had political competition, political plural-
ism, and equal political rights as well as freedom of
speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of conscience,
and freedom of religion. But during the term of Pres-
ident Askar Akaev, elections were manipulated and
the level of corruption rose, which resulted in an up-
heaval in March 2005, also known as the Tulip Revo-
lution. Akaev fled to
Russia and was replaced by
Kurmanbek Bakiev. This momentous event in post-So-
viet history has paved the way for a new Kyrgyzstan
that is open to democratic ideals, inclusiveness, and
be recognized by the West as a democracy in a land
of autocrats and authoritarians.
POLITICAL DEvELOPMENT
In the mid 1990s, the country struggled with a politi-
cal and economic regression, but after President Askar
Akaev managed to build an attractive basis in order
to gain foreign countries to support the state building
process in Kyrgyzstan, the country was considered the
most democratic and transparent country in Central
Asia garnering it the name, “the Switzerland of Asia,”
and “an oasis of democracy.” As Akaev changed his
democratic political style, he became more authori-
tarian. After holding fraudulent parliamentary elec-
tions in February 2005, a political upheaval took place
in March 2005 (known as the Tulip Revolution) and re-
sulted in the election of Kurmanbek Bakiev to the of-
fice of President.
26
The party leader or chairman, Omurbek Take-
bayev—who clashed with now ousted Presi-
dent Bakiev in 2010—was
nominated for
President of Kyrgyzstan twice, but failed to se-
cure the country's top position.[56] The Ata-
Jurt (Motherland) party was formed in 2006
under the ideology of right wing while espous-
ing ethno-nationalism at the same time. Ata-
Jurt was once
part of the government-led
coalition, but now it is in opposition to the gov-
ernment. The party had some members from
the part of Kurmanbek Bakiev and opposes
Atambayev; the party currently holds 28 seats
in the Kyrgyz Parliament. [57]
Ar-Namys is one of the major political parties in
Kyrgyzstan and was formed in 1999, but former
Prime Minister Felix Kulov (2005-2007); Kulov
was also vice president in 1992. Ar-Namys was
formed in December 2011 along with SDPK, Re-
spublika and Ata Meken. The party traditionally
has taken an opposition stance and was denied
registration in the 2000
Parliamentary elec-
tions.[58] Ar-Namys, in response, formed the
People's Congress
of Kyrgyzstan electoral al-
liance with three other opposition parties
strengthening their more liberal stance on so-
cial issues and national politics.[59]
Respublika
was formed in 2010 and is in opposition to the
government. In comparison to Western political
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