8.
Must help business decisions: like any type of information reporting, KRIs need
to support and improve decision-making.
9.
Thresholds linked to risk appetite: higher tolerance for risk is reflected in higher
thresholds triggering intervention on rising KRIs and vice versa. Thresholds are exam-
ined later in this chapter.
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RISK MONITORING
10.
Must be back-tested for validity: like every other part of the framework, KRIs
must be assessed, refreshed and replaced when necessary. A good practice is to revisit
each section of the framework once a year.
L A G G I N G I N D I C A T O R S A N D B R I T I S H R O A D S I G N S
Despite the demand for preventive indicators, the number of organizations still
using lagging indicators, such as the number of incidents as KRIs, is puzzling.
The rationale behind British road signs helps us understand the role of lagging
KRIs. Lagging KRIs are useful just once, to understand the severity of the risk
before proper prevention takes place. Many of the speed limits and warning signs
we see on our roads relate to past accidents: the worse the accident, the stronger
the corresponding prevention. SLOW signs painted on British crossroads – and
costing about £1,500 ($1,800) in paint and labor – are the result of past accidents
at the crossroads, justifying the investment in further awareness and prevention;
a STOP sign or a mirror are the response to a more serious, possibly fatal, colli-
sion.
2
It is the role of lagging KRIs to assess risks in the first instance only. Once
the risk is assessed, it is pointless to keep counting the crashes; you have to move
to prevention. In an operational risk management context, lagging KRIs above
accepted incident thresholds must trigger the move to better controls, process
redesign or other action plans. Relevant preventive KRIs will then focus on the
effectiveness of the new controls and proper execution of the reviewed process.
Issues
are usually synonymous with leading KRIs. For example, a large interna-
tional bank calls an issue a control gap or an overdue action. A KRI is an issue overdue
for resolution. This is an excellent forward-looking approach. Another example of a
forward-looking approach is when a company reports project delay KRIs in the color
expected for the next reporting period, e.g., “We are still on time now but we will be
late next quarter” – so this will be reported “amber,” meaning “approaching problems.”
C A T E G O R I E S O F K R I S
In 2013, I proposed a classification of KRIs
3
to help risk managers and firms reflect
on leading indicators top-down and bottom-up, and to identify a comprehensive set
2
Source: UK road safety awareness program.
3
Chapelle, A. (2013) “Unlocking KRIs”,
Risk Manager Professional
; Chapelle, A. (2013) “Pre-
ventive KRIs”,
Operational Risk and Regulation
. Both articles reproduced in Chapelle, A. (2017)
Reflections on Operational Risk Management
, Risk Books.
Key Risk Indicators
147
T A B L E 1 4 . 1
Categories of indicators and examples
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