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The boundary conditions for the three-state
SOS model on the binary tree.
M. M. Rahmatullaev
1,3
and O. Sh. Karshiboev
2*
†
1
Institute of Mathematics, 9, University street, 100174,
Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
2
Chirchik state pedagogical institute of Tashkent region, Amir
Temur street, Chirchik, 111702, Tashkent region, Uzbekistan.
3
Namangan state university, 316, Uychi street, 160136,
Namangan, Uzbekistan.
*Corresponding author(s). E-mail(s):
okarshiboevsher@mail.ru
;
Contributing authors:
mrahmatullaev@rambler.ru
;
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Abstract
We
shall
construct
the
boundary
conditions
for
translation-
invariant
splitting
Gibbs
measures
(TISGMs)
of
the
three-state
solid-on-solid
(SOS)
model
on
the
binary
tree.
Keywords:
Cayley tree
·
SOS model
·
Boundary condition
·
Gibbs measure
1 Introduction
In this paper we consider a three-state SOS model, which is one of important
models of statistical mechanics, on the binary tree (i.e., 3-regular tree). For
this model a classification of all TISGMs is presented in [
5
]. We are aiming to
get these TISGMs by altering boundary conditions. The same problem also
considered for Ising model in [
4
], for Potts model in [
2
].
Let
τ
k
= (
V, L
) be the Cayley tree of order
k
, i.e., a
k
+ 1-regular infinite
tree with exactly
k
+ 1 edges meeting at each vertex. Denote by
V
the set of
vertices and by
L
the set of edges of the tree. Two points
t, s
∈
V,
(
t
6
=
s
) will
be called
neighbors
if there is an edge connecting them. In this case we set
1
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The boundary condition problems for the three-state SOS model on the binary tree.
h
s, t
i
.
We can choose an arbitrary vertex of the tree as a root, which we denote
as 0
,
and we write
s
→
t,
if
t
6
=
s
and the path connecting 0 and
t
passes
through
s.
If
s
→
t
and
s, t
are neighbors, then
t
is called a
direct successor
(or
child
) of
s
and we write
s
→
1
t.
The set
∂A
=
{
t
∈
V
\
A
; there exists a neighbour of
t
in
A
}
is the boundary of
A
⊂
V.
For every
A
⊂
V
, let Ω
A
=
{
0
,
1
, . . . , m
}
A
be the set of all spin
configurations on
A
. For simplicity of notation, we write Ω instead of Ω
V
.
For every
A
⊂
V,
the
σ
-algebra
B
A
is defined by
B
A
= the
σ
−
algebra generated by
{
X
t
, t
∈
A
}
,
here
X
t
(
σ
) =
σ
(
t
)
,
∀
t
∈
A, σ
∈
Ω
A
.
Let
A
be a finite subset of
V, ω
∈
Ω and
σ
∈
Ω
A
.
The SOS interaction
energy on
A
given the inner configuration
σ
and boundary condition
ω
is
defined by
H
ω
A
(
σ
) =
−
J
X
t,s
∈
A
:
h
t,s
i
|
σ
(
t
)
−
σ
(
s
)
| −
J
X
t
∈
A,s
∈
∂A
:
h
t,s
i
|
σ
(
t
)
−
ω
(
s
)
|
,
(1)
with associated probability measure
P
ω
A
(
σ
) = [
Z
ω
A
]
−
1
exp[
−
H
ω
A
(
σ
)]
, σ
∈
Ω
A
,
(2)
where
J
∈
R
is the coupling constant and
Z
ω
A
=
P
˜
σ
∈
Ω
A
exp[
−
H
ω
A
(˜
σ
)] is the
partition function.
Definition 1
[
4
] For fixed
J,
if there is an increasing sequence of finite subsets
{
V
n
}
such that
V
n
%
V
as
n
→ ∞
and
P
ω
=w- lim
n
→∞
P
ω
V
n
(the weak convergence of
measures) exists for suitable fixed
ω
∈
Ω
,
then
P
ω
is called a
limiting Gibbs measure
with boundary condition
ω
for
J.
At the same time, a Gibbs measure
P
for
J
is defined as a probability
measure on (Ω
, B
) such that for every
M
in
B
A
P
(
M
|
B
A
c
)(
ω
) =
P
ω
A
(
M
)
.
a.s. (
P
)
(3)
It is known that [
2
–
4
,
7
] the set
J
(
J
) of all Gibbs measures for a fixed
J
is a non-empty, compact convex set. A limiting Gibbs measure is a Gibbs
measure for the same interaction. Conversely, each extremal point of
J
(
J
) is
a limiting Gibbs measure with a suitable boundary condition for the same
interaction. It is known [
3
] that any extreme Gibbs measure of a Hamiltonian
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with nearest-neighbor interactions is a
splitting
Gibbs measure (or a tree-
indexed Markov chain [
3
]). The converse statement is also true, i.e., any non-
splitting Gibbs measure is non-extreme. However, any splitting Gibbs measure
(extreme or not) is a limiting Gibbs measure, because it corresponds to a
boundary condition satisfying a compatibility condition of the Kolmogorov
theorem.
In the paper, for each TISGM
µ
we give the set of boundary conditions
in the explicit form such that limiting Gibbs measures with respect to these
boundary conditions coincide with
µ.
2 Translation-invariant limiting Gibbs measures
For each
t
∈
V,
we denote the distance of
t
from the root 0 by
|
t
|
. We write
|
t
|
=
n
if there is a chain 0
→
1
u
1
→
1
u
2
→
1
u
3
→
1
. . .
→
1
u
n
−
1
→
1
t.
We
define the sequence of balls
V
n
=
{
t
∈
V
:
|
t
|≤
n
}
, n
≥
1
.
For each
s
∈
V
we denote
τ
k
s
=
{
s
} ∪ {
t
∈
V
:
s
→
t
}
and
V
n,s
=
τ
k
s
∩
V
n
, n
≥
1
.
It is apparent that if the graph is cut at 0 (as in [
1
], Section 4) then it splits
into
k
+ 1 identical disconnected pieces, we number them by 1
,
2
, . . . , k
+ 1
.
Each of these is a rooted tree (with root 0). In what follows, we get
V
n
=
{
0
} ∪
k
+1
[
i
=1
V
n,i
and
V
n,i
=
{
i
} ∪
[
j
:
i
→
1
j
V
n,j
.
(4)
For every
ω
∈
Ω
, s
∈
V
\{
0
}
and
n
≥|
s
|
we define
W
ω
n,s
(
l
) =
X
σ
∈
Ω
Vn,s
:
σ
(
s
)=
l
exp
h
−
H
ω
V
n,s
(
σ
)
−
J
|
l
−
ω
(
t
)
|
i
,
(5)
R
l
n,s
(
ω
) =
W
ω
n,s
(
l
)
W
ω
n,s
(
m
)
, l
= 0
,
1
,
2
, . . . , m,
(6)
where
t
is the unique vertex such that
t
→
1
s.
Using (
4
), (
5
) can be rewritten
as
W
ω
n,s
(
l
) =
Y
u
:
s
→
1
u
"
m
X
j
=0
exp
J
|
l
−
j
|
W
ω
n,u
(
j
)
#
, l
= 0
,
1
, . . . , m.
(7)
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For
n > m, η
∈
Ω
V
m
,
we have
P
ω
V
n
(
{
σ
(
s
) =
η
(
s
)
, s
∈
V
m
}
) =
exp[
−
H
η
V
m
−
1
(
η
)]
Q
s
∈
∂V
m
−
1
W
ω
n,s
(
η
(
s
))
P
ξ
∈
Ω
Vm
exp[
−
H
ξ
V
m
−
1
(
ξ
)]
Q
s
∈
∂V
m
−
1
W
ω
n,s
(
ξ
(
s
))
.
Summarising, we have
Lemma 1
Let
ω
∈
Ω
be given. If there is
N >
0
such that
R
l
n,s
(
ω
)
converges as
n
→ ∞
for every
s
∈
V
\
V
N
and for every
l
= 0
,
1
, . . . , m,
then
P
ω
=w
-
lim
n
→∞
P
ω
V
n
exists.
For
n
≥
1
, p
= 0
,
1
, . . . , m, i
= 1
, . . . , k
+ 1 we introduce the notations
A
n
=
{
t
∈
V
:
|
t
|
=
n
}
, N
(
p
)
n,i
(
σ
) =
| {
x
∈
A
n
∩
V
n,i
:
σ
(
x
) =
p
} |
.
Lemma 2 Let
l
= 0
,
1
, . . . , m
and
ω
be a configuration such that
c
l
(
ω
) =
X
s
:
t
→
1
s
|
l
−
ω
(
s
)
|
,
l
= 0
,
1
, . . . , m
is independent of
t
∈
V
\{
0
}
.
Then
R
l
n,i
(
ω
) =
R
l
n,j
(
ω
)
for any
i, j
= 1
,
2
, . . . , k
+ 1
.
Proof
Taking into account (
6
), it is sufficient to show that
W
ω
n,i
(
l
) =
W
ω
n,j
(
l
) for any
i, j
= 1
,
2
, . . . , k
+ 1
.
For the Hamiltonian we get
H
ω
V
n,i
(
σ
) =
H
ω
V
n
−
1
,i
(
σ
)
−
J
X
x
∈
A
n
∩
V
n,i
X
x
→
1
y
|
σ
(
x
)
−
ω
(
y
)
|
.
Under the assumptions of Lemma
2
, we obtain
H
ω
V
n,i
(
σ
) =
H
σ
V
n
−
1
,i
(
σ
)
−
J
X
x
∈
A
n
∩
V
n,i
c
σ
(
x
)
(
ω
) =
H
σ
V
n
−
1
,i
(
σ
)
−
J
m
X
p
=0
N
p
n,i
(
σ
)
c
p
(
ω
)
.
For
W
ω
n,i
(
l
) we have
W
ω
n,i
(
l
) =
X
σ
∈
Ω
Vn,i
:
σ
(
i
)=
l
exp
h
−
H
σ
V
n
−
1
,i
(
σ
) +
J
m
X
p
=0
N
p
n,i
(
σ
)
c
p
(
ω
)
−
J
|
l
−
ω
(
t
)
|
i
.
Since
V
n,i
is similar to
V
n,j
,
for any
i, j
∈ {
1
, . . . , k
+ 1
}
, n
≥
1
,
there is a bijection
γ
between sets Ω
V
n,i
and Ω
V
n,j
,
which can be obtained by a rotation of the
V
n,i
on
the set
V
n,j
.
We note that the SOS interaction energy (
1
) is translation-invariant
and under the condition of the lemma the quantity
c
l
(
ω
) also does not depend on
vertices of the tree. For this reason, if
γ
(
σ
) =
ϕ
then
H
σ
V
n
−
1
,i
(
σ
) =
H
γ
(
σ
)
V
n
−
1
,j
(
γ
(
σ
)) =
H
ϕ
V
n
−
1
,j
(
ϕ
)
,
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N
p
n,i
(
σ
) =
N
p
n,j
(
ϕ
)
,
∀
i, j
= 1
, . . . , k
+ 1
, p
= 0
,
1
, . . . m.
By these equalities we obtain
W
ω
n,i
(
l
) =
X
σ
∈
Ω
Vn,i
:
σ
(
i
)=
l
exp
h
−
H
σ
V
n
−
1
,i
(
σ
) +
J
m
X
p
=0
N
p
n,i
(
σ
)
c
p
(
ω
)
−
J
|
l
−
ω
(
t
)
|
i
=
X
ϕ
∈
Ω
Vn,j
:
ϕ
(
j
)=
l
exp
h
−
H
ϕ
V
n
−
1
,j
(
ϕ
)+
J
m
X
p
=0
N
p
n,i
(
ϕ
)
c
p
(
ω
)
−
J
|
l
−
ω
(
t
)
|
i
=
W
ω
n,j
(
l
)
.
This implies that
R
l
n,i
(
ω
) =
R
l
n,j
(
ω
) for any
i, j
= 1
,
2
, . . . , k
+ 1
.
It follows from the above proof that
R
l
n,s
(
ω
) depends only on
n
− |
s
|
,
i.e.,
we get
R
l
n,s
(
ω
) =
R
l
n
−|
s
|
+1
(
ω
)
, l
= 0
,
1
, . . . , m.
(8)
Thus, it follows from (
7
) that
Y
l
n
(
ω
) =
k F
l
(
Y
0
n
−
1
(
ω
)
, Y
1
n
−
1
(
ω
)
, . . . , Y
m
−
1
n
−
1
(
ω
))
,
(9)
where
l
= 0
, . . . , m
−
1
, n
≥
2
, Y
l
n
(
ω
) = ln
R
l
n
(
ω
) and
F
= (
F
0
, . . . , F
m
−
1
) is
defined by
F
l
(
x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
m
−
1
) = ln
m
−
1
P
j
=0
exp
J
|
l
−
j
|
exp(
x
j
) + exp(
J
|
l
−
m
|
)
m
−
1
P
j
=0
exp(
J
|
m
−
j
|
) exp(
x
j
) + 1
.
It is clear that if lim
n
→∞
Y
i
n
(
ω
) =
Y
i
(
ω
) then from (
9
) we obtain
Y
l
(
ω
) =
k F
l
(
Y
0
(
ω
)
, Y
1
(
ω
)
, . . . , Y
m
−
1
(
ω
))
, l
= 0
, . . . , m
−
1
.
(10)
Denoting
θ
= exp(
J
)
, h
l
=
Y
l
(
ω
)
, l
= 0
,
1
, . . . , m
−
1
,
from (
10
) we have
h
i
=
k
ln
m
−
1
P
j
=0
θ
|
i
−
j
|
exp(
h
j
) +
θ
|
i
−
m
|
m
−
1
P
j
=0
θ
|
m
−
j
|
exp(
h
j
) + 1
, i
= 0
,
1
, . . . , m
−
1
.
(11)
It is known [
7
,
8
] that there is a one-to-one correspondence between solutions
of (
11
) and TISGMs. Since the explicit form of solutions of (
11
) is known only
for
m
=
k
= 2 (see [
5
]), we restrict ourselves to this case.
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For
m
=
k
= 2 the equation (
11
) is reduced to
h
0
= 2 ln
exp(
h
0
)+
θ
exp(
h
1
)+
θ
2
θ
2
exp(
h
0
)+
θ
exp(
h
1
)+1
,
h
1
= 2 ln
θ
exp(
h
0
)+exp(
h
1
)+
θ
θ
2
exp(
h
0
)+
θ
exp(
h
1
)+1
.
(12)
It is important to note that the following set is invariant with respect to
the operator
W
:
R
2
→
R
2
defined by the right-hand side of (
12
):
I
=
{
a
= (
a
0
, a
1
)
∈
R
2
:
a
0
= 0
}
.
(13)
The system of equations (
12
) on the set
I
is reduced to
(
h
0
= 0
,
h
1
=
f
(
h
1
)
,
where
f
(
x
) = 2 ln
exp(
x
) + 2
θ
θ
2
+
θ
exp(
x
) + 1
.
(14)
We consider the following equation
h
1
=
f
(
h
1
)
.
(15)
We have
Lemma 3
[
5
] (see also [
6
])
There exists
θ
c
≈
0
.
1414
,
which solves the equation
4
θ
7
+ 12
θ
5
+ 71
θ
4
+ 12
θ
3
−
38
θ
2
+ 12
θ
−
1 = 0
,
such that
•
If
θ < θ
c
then the equation
(
15
)
has three solutions
α
3
(
θ
)
< α
2
(
θ
)
< α
1
(
θ
)
•
If
θ
=
θ
c
then the equation
(
15
)
has two solutions
α
3
(
θ
) =
α
2
(
θ
)
< α
1
(
θ
)
•
If
θ > θ
c
then the equation
(
15
)
has a unique solution
α
1
(
θ
)
.
Set
h
i
= (0;
α
i
)
i
= 1
,
2
,
3 and define
Q
:
R
2
→
R
2
by
Q
(
h
) = 2
F
(
h
)
.
Let
µ
i
denote the TISGMs corresponding to the solutions
α
i
=
α
i
(
θ
)
, i
= 1
,
2
,
3
.
For a given initial state
u
(0)
= (
u
(0)
0
, u
(0)
1
) we observe the limit
lim
n
→∞
Q
(
n
)
(
u
(0)
)
,
(16)
where
Q
(
n
)
(
u
) stands for
n
-fold composition of
Q
into itself, i.e.,
Q
(
n
)
(
u
) =
Q
(
Q
(
. . . Q
(
u
))
. . .
)
|
{z
}
n
.
One can show that
Q
(
I
)
⊂
I
, where
I
is defined by (
13
).
We have
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Lemma 4 (i) If
θ > θ
c
and
u
(0)
∈
I
then we obtain
lim
n
→∞
Q
(
n
)
(
u
(0)
) =
h
1
.
(ii) If
θ
=
θ
c
then we have
lim
n
→∞
Q
(
n
)
(
u
(0)
) =
(
h
2
,
if
u
(0)
∈
I
and
u
(0)
1
≤
α
2
,
h
1
,
if
u
(0)
∈
I
and
u
(0)
1
> α
2
.
(iii) If
θ < θ
c
then we get
lim
n
→∞
Q
(
n
)
(
u
(0)
) =
h
3
,
if
u
(0)
∈
I
and
u
(0)
1
< α
2
,
h
2
,
if
u
(0)
∈
I
and
u
(0)
1
=
α
2
,
h
1
,
if
u
(0)
∈
I
and
u
(0)
1
> α
2
.
Proof
Restricting
Q
(
h
) to the set
I
, we obtain the first coordinate of
Q
(
h
) equals
zero and the second coordinate of
Q
(
h
) equals
f
(
h
) which is given by (
14
). Proving
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