Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry, 30e
Chapter 57: Biochemical Case Histories
CASE 1
The patient is a 5yearold boy, who was born in 1967, at term, after an uneventful pregnancy. He was a sickly infant, and did not grow well. On a
number of occasions his mother noted that he appeared drowsy, or even comatose, and said that there was a “chemical, alcohollike” smell on his
breath, and in his urine. The GP suspected diabetes mellitus, and sent him to the Middlesex Hospital in London for a glucose tolerance test. The results
are shown in
Figure 57–1
.
FIGURE 57–1
Plasma glucose in the patient and a control subject after a test dose of glucose
.
Blood samples were also taken for measurement of
insulin
at zero time and 1 hour after the glucose load. At this time a new method of measuring
insulin
was being developed, radioimmunoassay (see
Chapter 48
), and therefore both this and the conventional biological assay were used. The
biological method of measuring
insulin
is by its ability to stimulate the uptake and metabolism of glucose in rat muscle in vitro; this can be performed
relatively simply by measuring the radioactivity in
14
CO
2
after incubating duplicate samples of the muscle with [
14
C]glucose, with and without the
sample containing
insulin
. The results are shown in
Table 57–1
.
TABLE 57–1
Serum
I n s u l i n
(mU/L) Measured by Biological Assay and Radioimmunoassay
Baseline (Fasting) Blood Sample
1 Hour After Glucose Load
Patient (Case 1)
Control Subjects
Patient (Case 1)
Control Subjects
Biological assay
0.8
6 ± 2
5
40 ± 11
Radioimmunoassay
10
6 ± 2
50
40 ± 11
As a part of their studies of the new radioimmunoassay for
insulin
, the team at the Middlesex Hospital performed gel exclusion chromatography of a
pooled sample of normal serum, and determined
insulin
in the fractions eluted from the columns both by radioimmunoassay (graph A in
Figure 57–
2
) and by stimulation of glucose oxidation (graph B). Three molecular mass markers were used; they eluted as follows: M
r
9000 in fraction 10, M
r
6000
in fraction 23, and M
r
4500 in fraction 27.
FIGURE 57–2
Insulin
measured by radioimmunoassay and biological assay before and after treatment of plasma samples with trypsin
.
The investigators also measured
insulin
in the fractions eluted from the chromatography column after treatment of each fraction with trypsin. The
results are shown in graph C.
After seeing the results of these studies, they subjected the samepooled serum sample to brief treatment with trypsin, and performed gel exclusion
chromatography on the product. Again they measured
insulin
by radioimmunoassay (graph D) and biological assay (graph E).
Since these studies in the 1960s, the gene for human
insulin
has been cloned. Although
insulin
consists of two peptide chains, 21 and 30 amino acids
long, respectively, these are coded for by a single gene, which has a total of 330 base pairs between the initiator and stop codons. As you would expect
for a secreted protein, there is a signal sequence coding for 24 amino acids at the 5′ end of the gene.
What does this information suggest about the processes that occur in the synthesis of
insulin?
What is likely to be the underlying biochemical basis of the patient’s problem?
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CASE 1, David A. Bender
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