Author Dusty Phillips Reviewers

>>> dir(list)
['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__','__delitem__', 
'__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__
getitem__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__iadd__', '__imul__', '__init__', 
'__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__
new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__reversed__', 
'__rmul__', '__setattr__', '__setitem__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__
subclasshook__', 'append', 'count', 'extend', 'index', 'insert', 'pop', 
'remove', 'reverse', 'sort'
Further, if we desire additional information on how any of these methods works,
we can use the 
help
function:
>>> help(list.__add__)
Help on wrapper_descriptor:
__add__(self, value, /)
Return self+value.
The plus operator on lists concatenates two lists. We don't have room to discuss all 
of the available special functions in this book, but you are now able to explore all 
this functionality with 
dir
and 
help
. The official online Python reference (
https://
docs.python.org/3/
) has plenty of useful information as well. Focus, especially,  
on the abstract base classes discussed in the 
collections
module.
So, to get back to the earlier point about when we would want to use composition 
versus inheritance: if we need to somehow change any of the methods on the class—
including the special methods—we definitely need to use inheritance. If we used 
composition, we could write methods that do the validation or alterations and ask 
the caller to use those methods, but there is nothing stopping them from accessing 
the property directly. They could insert an item into our list that does not have five 
characters, and that might confuse other methods in the list.
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Python Data Structures