Лекции по теоретической грамматике английского языка для студентов

parts (jeans), names of sciences (mathematics), names of diseases, games, etc.
 
3.
The nouns with homogenous number forms. The number opposition 
here is not expressed formally but is revealed only lexically and syntactically in 
the context: e.g. 
Look! A sheep is eating grass. Look! The sheep are eating 
grass
. 

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3. The category of case 
In present-day linguistics case is used in two senses: 1) semantic, or logic, 
and 2) syntactic. 
The semantic case concept
was developed by C. J. Fillmore in the late 
1960s. Ch. Fillmore introduced syntactic-semantic classification of cases. They 
show relations in the so-called deep structure of the sentence. According to him, 
verbs may stand to different relations to nouns. There are 6 cases: 
1.
Agentive Case (A) 
John opened the door
; 
2.
Instrumental case (I) 
The key opened the door
; John used the key to open the 
door; 
3.
Dative Case (D) 
John believed that he would win
(the case of the animate 
being affected by the state of action identified by the verb); 
4.
Factitive Case (F) 
The key was damaged
(the result of the action or state 
identified by the verb); 
5.
Locative Case (L) 
Chicago is windy
; 
6.
Objective case (O) 
John stole the book
. 
The syntactic case concept
dates back to the grammars of Ancient Greece 
and Ancient Rome. It is a case whose main role is to indicate a relationship 
between constituents. To put it otherwise, its role is to indicate a construction in 
syntax. Thus genitive is a case which marks one noun as dependent on another, e.g. 
John’s car. The conception of case as a marker of a syntactic relation or a 
construction can be found in prescriptive, non-structural descriptive and structural 
descriptive grammars. Prescriptivists spoke of the nominative, the dative, the 
genitive, the accusative, and the ablative.