Farmasevtika instituti farmakologiya va klinik farmatsiya kafedrasi



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Fiziologiya

 
 
―Gain‖ of a Control System.
The degree of effectiveness with which a control system maintains constant conditions 
is determined by the 
gain 
of the negative feedback. For instance, let us assume that a large volume of 
blood is transfused into a person whose baroreceptor pressurecontrol system is not functioning, and the 
arterial pressure rises from the normal level of 100 mm Hg up to175 mm Hg. Then, let us assume that 
the same volume of blood is injected into the same person when the baroreceptorsystem is functioning, 
and this time the pressure increases only 25 mm Hg. Thus, the feedback control system has caused a 
―correction‖ of −50 mm Hg—that is, from 
Summary
—Automaticity of the Body 
The purpose of this chapter has been to point out, first, the overall organization of the body and, second, 
the means by which the different parts of the body operate in harmony.To summarize, the body is 
actually a 
social orderof about 100 trillion cells 
organized into different functionalstructures, some of 
which are called 
organs. 
Eachfunctional structure contributes its share to the maintenanceof homeostatic 
conditions in the extracellular fluid,which is called the 
internal environment. 
As long as 
normalconditions are maintained in this internal environment,the cells of the body continue to live and 
functionproperly. Each cell benefits from homeostasis, and in turn,each cell contributes its share toward 
the maintenance ofhomeostasis. This reciprocal interplay provides continuousautomaticity of the body 
until one or more functional systems lose their ability to contribute their share of function.When this 


happens, all the cells of the body suffer.Extreme dysfunction leads to death; moderate dysfunctionleads 
to 
sickness. 
BibliographyAdolph 
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Physiological 
adaptations: 
hypertrophies 
and 
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Lectures on the Phenomena of Life Common to Animals and 
Plants
, Springfield, IL, 1974, Charles C Thomas. 
Cannon WB: 
The Wisdom of the Body
, New York, 1932, WW Norton. 
Chien S: Mechanotransduction and endothelial cell homeostasis: the 
wisdom of the cell, 
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 
292:H1209, 2007. 
Csete ME, Doyle JC: Reverse engineering of biological complexity, 
Science 
295:1664, 2002. 
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Handbook of Physiology, Sec 13: Comparative 
Physiology
, Bethesda, 1997, American Physiological Society. 
DiBona GF: Physiology in perspective: the wisdom of the body. Neural 
control of the kidney, 
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 
289:R633,2005. 
Dickinson MH, Farley CT, Full RJ, et al: How animals move: an integrative 
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Annu Rev Physiol 
56:579,1994. 
Gao Q, Horvath TL: Neuronal control of energy homeostasis, 
FEBS Lett 
582:132, 2008. 
Guyton AC: 
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Philadelphia, 1973, WB Saunders. 
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Philadelphia, 1975, WB Saunders. 
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Nat Rev Neurosci 
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Orgel LE: The origin of life on the earth, 
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