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William Dean Howells
William Dean Howells
(/ˈhaʊəlz/; March 1, 1837 – May 11, 1920) was an 
American realist novelist, literary critic, and playwright, nicknamed "The Dean of American 
Letters". He was particularly known for his tenure as editor of 
The Atlantic Monthly
, as well as 
for his own prolific writings, including the Christmas story "Christmas Every Day" and the 
novels 
The Rise of Silas Lapham
 and 
A Traveler from Altruria
. 
The Howells returned to America in 1865 and settled in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He wrote for 
various magazines, including 
The Atlantic Monthly
 and 
Harper's Magazine
. In January 1866, 
James Fields offered him a position as assistant editor at 
The Atlantic Monthly
; he accepted after 
successfully negotiating for a higher salary, though he was frustrated by Fields' close 
supervision. 
Howells was made editor in 1871, after five years as assistant editor, and he remained in this 
position until 1881. In 1869, he met Mark Twain with whom he formed a longtime friendship. 
But his relationship with journalist Jonathan Baxter Harrison was more important for the 
development of his literary style and his advocacy of Realism. Harrison wrote a series of articles 
for 
The Atlantic Monthly
during the 1870s on the lives of ordinary Americans.
Howells gave a 
series of twelve lectures on "Italian Poets of Our Century" for the Lowell Institute during its 
1870-71 season. 
He published his first novel 
Their Wedding Journey
in 1872, but his literary reputation soared 
with the realist novel 
A Modern Instance
 (1882), which described the decay of a marriage. His 
1885 novel 
The Rise of Silas Lapham
 became his best known work, describing the rise and fall 
of an American entrepreneur of the paint business. His social views were also strongly 
represented in the novels 
Annie Kilburn
(1888), 
A Hazard of New Fortunes
 (1890), and 
An 
Imperative Duty
 (1891). 
He was particularly outraged by the trials resulting from the Haymarket Riot, which led him to 
portray a similar riot in 
A Hazard of New Fortunes
 and to write publicly to protest the trials of 
the men allegedly involved in the Haymarket affair. In his public writing and in his novels, he 
drew attention to pressing social issues of the time. He joined the Anti-Imperialist League in 
1898, in opposition to the U.S. annexation of the Philippines. 
His poems were collected in 1873 and 1886, and a volume was published in 1895 under the 
title 
Stops of Various Quills
. He was the initiator of the school of American realists, and he had 
little sympathy with any other type of fiction. However, he frequently encouraged new writers in 
whom he discovered new ideas or new fictional techniques, such as Stephen Crane, Frank 
Norris, Hamlin Garland, Harold Frederic, Abraham Cahan, Sarah Orne Jewett, and Paul 
Laurence Dunbar.