Contents. Introduction

First
, aviation is the fastest and most convenient mode of transportation over long 
distances; 
secondly
, currently the flight service seems attractive to tourists; 
thirdly
, airlines pay commissions directly and through international booking and 
reservation networks to travel agencies for each seat placed on an aircraft, thereby 
encouraging them to choose an airline.
Air transport is one of the fastest growing and fastest growing sectors of the world 
economy, and every year it takes an increasingly strong place in the global transport 
system.
There are currently more than 1,300 airlines in the world. An average of 1.5 billion people 
are transported on flights each year. Today, international airlines operate more than 470 
carriers, about 250 of which operate regular international flights. More than 1,000 airports 
around the world operate international flights, of which about 650 are scheduled 
international flights.
The world's largest airlines in terms of traffic are American Delta Air, Pan American, 
United, French Air France, Germany's Lufthansa, British British Airways and others. 
Russia's Aeroflot is one of the largest airlines.
At the same time, the international air transport system consists not only of 
international air carriers and airports, but also countries connected to and providing 
international air lines, as well as international organizations in the field of air transport 
are taking measures to ensure its efficient operation and safety.

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Currently, the international transport network covers all geographical regions and more 
than 150 countries around the world. Air transport is regulated in three ways:
1)
national regulation - licensing of air carriers operating on domestic and 
international routes;
2)
intergovernmental regulation - when regular flights are based on agreements 
between the governments of the respective states;
3)
international regulation - when setting tariffs for scheduled flights (for airline 
members) on the basis of mutual agreements between the airlines participating in the 
International Air Transport Association (IATA) or a third party.
One of the types of international air traffic regulation is the creation of a pool that connects 
airlines operating on certain international routes.
The Basin Agreement binds airlines operating on the same international routes in order 
to optimize flight schedules, reduce routes and regulate passenger flow during peak hours 
and periods, as well as increase profits on these routes and distribute them among airlines.
A pool contract can, as a rule, lead to the elimination of competition in a direction. But 
that means retaining the opportunity to participate in on-line transportation for companies 
of different sizes. Negotiations are often held between airlines that are not comparable in 
pool size to provide the best opportunities to transport them and generate revenue. 
Financial arrangements between consolidated carriers typically limit the maximum 
amount of revenue that can be transferred from one carrier to another to reduce the 
government’s ability to support inefficient carriers. However, pool agreements are 
prohibited in some countries (e.g., the United States).
International regulation of air transport is based on international agreements signed 
between the countries for many years.
The 1929 Warsaw Convention was the first general agreement between airlines to ensure 
that an airline is responsible for the safety of passengers in the event of death, injury or 
loss of cargo. (The Montreal Protocol later stipulated that maximum liability would be 

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revised from time to time due to inflationary processes. Today, the airline’s maximum 
liability to passengers is $ 20,000.) is the basis for insurance.
At the 1944 Chicago Convention on Civil Aviation, 80 countries participated in the 
debate, and there was an agreement between the states to standardize migration 
procedures for air travel. These principles have been adopted to provide the basis for 
bilateral agreements between states. The agreement agreed not to regulate charter flights, 
which would allow countries to apply individual rules and conditions for the acceptance 
and implementation of charter flights.
The 1946 Bermuda Agreement on Anglo-
American Transatlantic Flights regulated bilateral agreements on these routes. The 
Bermuda Agreement was revised in 1977 (and ratified in 1980), and in 1986 the new 
agreement increased the actual load of roads restricted by two British and two American 
carriers across the Atlantic.
As air transport occupies an increasingly solid position in the global transportation system 
each year, it was necessary to coordinate and regulate it globally. These problems are 
dealt with by international aviation organizations. Let’s take a look at the most well-
known and well-known of them.
The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is one of the most powerful and 
influential structures in the world. IKAO consists of 183 states. ICAO works closely with 
other organizations such as the United Nations, the World Meteorological Organization, 
the International Telecommunication Union, the Universal Postal Union, the World 
Health Organization, and the International Maritime Organization.
The International Air Transport Association - I ATA - was established to coordinate the 
activities of global airlines aimed at ensuring the safety and efficiency of air transport in 
all regions of the world. Founded in 1919 and reformed in 1945, IATA is a professional 
association of international airlines. The main task of the Association is to regulate 
international commercial aviation, to introduce uniform rules and procedures for all 
members and to set agreed tariffs for passenger transportation on international routes.

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Travel agencies participate in the activities of IATA through its special network - the 
International Network of Travel Agencies (IATAN), the International Organization of 
Airline Agencies and international organizations of civil airports.
There are several forms of interaction between travel companies and airlines in the 
organization of tourist travel:
Booking seats and purchasing air tickets through the airline ticketing agency; - 
purchase of air tickets through the reservation and reservation system;
-
Agreement with the airline on obtaining a quota of seats on regular airlines;
-
work as an agency and agency for the sale of air tickets for its tourists; - organization of 
charter flights for tourist transport
In order to properly choose the most convenient and useful part of tourist transport, as 
well as to properly conclude a contract for the carriage of tourists by air, you need to 
know all the features, advantages and disadvantages of this or that type of relationship 
with the airline.
Also, the travel agency should know the rules of booking air tickets, working with airlines 
promotions, tariffs and discounts.
Professional ethics requirements when booking air tickets. To avoid additional 
inconvenience for airlines, as well as to facilitate the booking process and improve the 
quality of passenger service, travel agencies should follow these simple rules: Follow 
standard booking procedures for airlines
-
Never book a passenger twice if they can’t determine which flight. Also, never give him 
two or more tickets if it is certain that one such passenger will be able to use one.
-
Regardless of which direction the passengers are on, try to provide the airline with 
emergency telephone numbers for emergency contact with passengers along the route 
as much as possible.

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-
If a passenger changes the route, cancel the relevant reservation immediately by the 
airline, as well as cancel other relevant services.
-
Strictly follow the terms and procedure for purchasing air tickets required by airlines. 
Never issue tickets at a guaranteed location until the warranty has been confirmed by 
the appropriate airline
-
All seats booked by airlines must be clearly registered and properly documented. The 
documents to be drawn up and the copies remaining with the agent must indicate the 
flight number, flight date and class, the status of each individual flight (guaranteed / 
unsecured seat), the names and surnames of the passengers, as well as their contact 
numbers or addresses. Report all deposits in the prescribed form immediately
Always remember that the comfort of passengers and the uninterrupted operation of 
other agents and airlines depend on your speed, accuracy and attention.
Seat quota 
agreement on regular flights. The number of seats or the number of seats can be hard or 
soft. This affects the terms of the contract and the special benefits and discounts. With a 
strict quota of seats, all responsibility for not selling the block’s seats rests with the travel 
agency, regardless of the reason for the failure. The travel agency faces financial losses. 
With soft quotas of places, the conditions for partial waiver of the quota or quota of places 
due to non-sale of tourist vouchers of travel agencies are established. These terms and 
conditions provide for the possibility of subsequent sale of these seats by the airline itself 
or other agents.
The agreement with the airline on obtaining a quota of seats on regular flights includes:
A performance table of the species, indicating the directions for the "there" and "back" 
directions;
-
number of tourists in each group (quota of places);
-
Deadline for submission of applications and purchase of air tickets;
-
Terms of cancellation of tickets without penalty (soft block);

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-
Types of tariffs for purchased tickets, discounted tariffs, terms of discounted tariffs;
-
discounts and benefits on the quota of places;
-
Procedure and conditions for returning purchased but unused tickets, financial liability 
arising from the terms of return.
Agency agreement with the airline. In fact, some airlines count all travel companies that 
have a quota agreement with them as their agents. However, the agency agreement works 
with promotions in its purest form, which simplifies and speeds up the process of booking 
and issuing travel tickets when a travel company is able to operate independently as an 
airline that sells air tickets (both for tourists and just for sale). The travel agency itself 
acts as the airline’s “ticket office,” meaning it issues the tickets itself and has access to 
the appropriate computer equipment and the airline’s backup network (e.g., Gabriel at 
Aeroflot). This type of work with air tickets is called “work with air ticket reserves”.
The airline provided by this travel agency has an additional point of sale (one of the 
terms of the agency agreement is usually the preferential sale of tickets for these specific 
types of airline).
The agency agreement with the airline provides for the following issues:
Who provides equipment for the issuance of air tickets, air tickets and under what 
conditions;
-
training of personnel for maintenance of this equipment;
-
sales are often determined individually - by the number of monthly tickets (for example, 
at least 10/200 tickets per month) or by sales revenue (from 10 to 200 thousand US 
dollars or more on different airlines);
-
possible trade boundaries (by regional or consumer segment);
-
at whose price the tickets are sold - at the price of the airline or travel agency (usually 
at the price of the airline); - prices and tariffs for air tickets;
-
Terms of payment for air tickets & prepayment or payment for sale (in some airlines 
shareholders prepayment is set for groups of tourists);

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-
The amount of commission for the sale of air tickets (up to 9% of the sold fare);
-
the time and frequency of submission of reports by the airline, their form and the 
documents required in the application (usually 1-2 times a month);
-
the amount of bank guarantees in favor of the airline or in favor of IATA
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(from 20 
thousand US dollars); - Membership in IATA.
In the organization of charter air transport, the customer determines the route with the 
airline, the obligations of the parties are discussed with him, the compliance of the lease 
agreement with international rules is determined and the cost of the flight is determined. 
A special charter agreement is concluded, which provides for the following:
Aircraft type (brand);
-
number of places for sale;
-
aircraft rental costs;
-
route showing departure and departure airports;
-
contract period (season, year, etc.);
-
regularity of flights;
-
the possibility and duration of cancellation (cancellation) of flights and the relevant 
sanctions
The peculiarity of the maps is that one full flight (second and final flights - the first return 
after the first delivery and the last round there until the last export) is carried out without 
tourists: on the last flight the plane takes the last tourists, but does not bring new ones, 
because he will no longer be behind them. returns (i.e., there are 11 flights for 10 tourists 
to arrive). The N + 1 formula is used here, so most flights during the air charter program 
will reduce the cost of a “landing” flight, which will also reduce airfare.
7
http://iata.org 

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It should be noted that it is true to organize 20 times (with weekly flights) during the 
season. However, charter can be launched on a frequency of 2 times a week - after which 
the number of flights per season will increase to 40. This significantly reduces the tariff, 
but is not available for the luggage of most travel companies. This explains the emergence 
of “intermediate” entrepreneurs in the tourist transport market - wholesalers, who 
combine large charters in their hands and then distribute them among small companies in 
the form of block charters (i.e., 10-30 seats). ). Wholesale tour operators, as a rule, sell 
seat blocks in their charter on three options developed: hard, soft and combined seat 
blocks.
A soft block is more convenient for a travel agency, where the client assumes no 
financial responsibility and has the right to relinquish its seat in whole or in part within a 
specified time. However, if the refusal is later than the deadline, the customer will have 
to pay a fine. Usually soft blocks are rarely used because they are not always beneficial 
to the owner (be it an airline or a wholesaler tour operator).
The solid block provides strict contractual obligations under the terms of sale and 
payment. The buyer pays in advance, the amount of which usually includes the cost of 
two pairs of flights. However, tariffs for hard block implementation are about 5-10% 
lower than for soft blocks. In addition, by agreement for a fixed block, the operator and 
agent set the price for the entire charter period, which gives sellers a good opportunity to 
change prices during the “high” period of the season and at the end of it.
The most common seat for charter flights is called the combined method, which combines 
elements of the two options mentioned above. The total number of places included in the 
implemented block is divided into two parts in a certain ratio: one of them on the "hard" 
system, the other - on the "soft" system.
Often, not one but several tour operators participate as initiators of the charter program. 
At the same time, they agree in advance on the terms of the flights. When renting aircraft, 
a normal relationship with the airline ensures payment after each flight in accordance with 

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a contract with a mandatory balance. Charter flights must not contradict the requirements 
of the Warsaw International Convention on the Obligations of Carriers to Passengers.
With the signing of the charter, the airline almost always leaves the tour operator in a 
difficult situation. First, an advance payment is required from the company. Regardless 
of the maximum size, the airline always requires advance payment for the first and last 
flights of the charter cycle. Thus, it insures itself and previously imported tourists from 
impossible payments. Payment for flights is agreed in advance and is usually made 7-10 
days before the start of the flight. In case of late payment, according to the contract, the 
company has the right to impose a fine on the customer or terminate the existing 
contractual relationship with him.
All the rules of air transport in our country are regulated by the Air Code of the Russian 
Federation of March 19, 1977, as well as a number of international agreements. The main 
body coordinating air traffic in Russia is the Federal Air Transport Service (FSVT). 
Currently, 315 airlines operate in the air transport market in Russia. Of these,
96 are eligible for scheduled flights and carry 99 percent of air passengers
The volume of traffic is not distributed among airlines: eighteen of the largest airlines in
Russia carry 75% of passengers, eight or nine "supergiant" aircraft carry up to 50% of 
Russian travelers. The 94 airlines that operate regular flights serve about 23 percent of 
passengers. The remaining 276 airlines typically operate one-off flights, accounting for 
about 1% of passenger traffic. Aeroflot remains the undisputed leader of the Russian 
aviation business. Aeroflot and nabs. Russian International Airlines is the national flag 
carrier of Russia. The company, as a rule, has twice as many customers as the second 
number - the production association Domodedovo Airlines.
Recently, Russian airlines have begun to create aviation alliances. For example, in 
February 1998, two leading Russian airlines - Aeroflot - Russian International Airlines 
and Pullover - signed an agreement on a strategic aviation alliance. In the same year, 
Aeroflot signed cooperation agreements with Uzbekistan Airways and Armenian airlines. 

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