272
CHAPTER 13
I thanked the woman.
She
helped me.
In (a):
I thanked the woman
= a main clause
who helped me
=
an adjective clause*
(a) I thanked the woman
who helped me
.
(b) I thanked the woman
that helped
me
.
An adjective clause modifies a noun.
In (a): the adjective clause modifies
woman.
The book is mine.
It
is on the table.
i
(c) The book
that
is on the table
is mine.
(d) The book
which
is
on the table
is mine.
In (a):
who
is the subject of the adjective clause.
In (b):
that
is the subject of the adjective clause.
Examples (a) and (b) have the same meaning.
In speaking,
who
and
that
are both commonly used as
subject pronouns to describe people.
Who
is more common
in writing.
Examples (c) and (d) have the same meaning.
In contemporary American English,
that
is preferred
to
which.**
In British English,
that
and
which
are used
interchangeably.
r
SUMMARY:
I
who
=
used for people
that
=
used for both people and things
I
which
=
used for things
(e)
CORRECT:
The book
that is on the table
is mine.
(f)
INCORRECT:
The book is mine that is on tho table.
An adjective clause closely follows the noun it modifies.
*See Chapter 12 for information about clauses.
**Which
must be used in nonrestrictive clauses in both American and British English. See Chart 13-8.
EXERCISE 2
I)>
Looking at grammar. (Chart 13-1}
Choose all the possible completions for each sentence. Do not add commas or capital letters.
Identity Theft
1. I read a scary article __ detailed how easy it is for someone to steal your ID.
a. who
@
that
c. it
d. 0
2. People __ own a smartphone have a higher rate of identify theft.
a. who
b. that
c. which
d. 0
3. The article mentioned one thief __ enjoys the challenge of hacking. He does it for fun.
a. who
b. that
c. he
d. 0
4. A fact __ surprised me is that online thieves are rarely caught.
a. who
b. that
c. it
d. 0
EXERCISE 3
I)>
Looking at grammar. (Chart 13-1)
Combine the two sentences with
who
or
that.
Use the second sentence as an adjective clause.
On a Subway
1.
I
know the girl. She is sleeping.
�
I know the girl
{;::i}
is sleeping.
2. The guy is in my math class. He is talking loudly on his phone.
Adjective Clauses
273
3. The passenger is from Argentina. He is sining next to me.
4. The students are from Turkey. They are standing behind us.
5. We are going on a route. It is very crowded in the mornings.
6. The train often breaks down. We are on it.
EXERCISE 4
._
Let's talk.
(Chart 13 -1)
Make true sentences by using a word or phrase from each column. Use
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