and her perceptions of future behavior. Rather than give a general formal defini-
tion, we simply define a perception-perfect strategy for each of the three types of
agents that we consider. Definition 2 describes a perception-perfect strategy for
TCs. Reflecting the fact that TCs do not have a self-control problem, definition 2
says that in any period. TCs will complete the activity if and only if it is the opti-
mal period of those remaining given her current preferences.
Definiton 2.
A perception-perfect strategy for
TC
s is a strategy
s
tc
;
(
s
1
tc
,
s
2
tc
, . . . ,
s
T
tc
) satisfies for all
if and only if
U
t
(
t
)
$
U
t
(
t
) for all
t
.
t
.
Naïfs have present-biased preferences (since
b
,
1), but naïfs believe that they
are time-consistent. As a result, the decision process for naïfs is identical to that
for TCs (although naïfs have different preferences). Definition 3 says that in any
period, naïfs will complete the activity if and only if it is the optimal period of
those remaining given her current preferences.
Definition 3.
A perception-perfect strategy for naïfs is a strategy
s
n
;
(
s
1
n
,
s
2
n
, . . . ,
s
T
n
) that satisfies for all
if and only if
U
t
(
t
)
$
U
t
(
t
) for all
t
.
t
.
Although naïfs and TCs have essentially the same decision process, it is impor-
tant to realize that naïfs have incorrect perceptions
about future behavior, and
therefore may plan to behave one way but in fact behave differently. With (
b
,
d
)-
preferences, these incorrect perceptions take a convenient form: At all times, naifs
believe that if they wait they will behave like TCs in the future.
Sophisticates also have present-biased preferences and a self-control problem.
But unlike naïfs, sophisticates know they will have
self-control problems in
the future, and therefore correctly predict future behavior. Definition 4 says that
in period
t
, sophisticates calculate when their future
selves will complete the
activity if they wait now, and then do the activity now if and only if given their
current preferences doing it now is preferred to waiting for their future selves to
do it.
Definition 4.
A perception-perfect strategy for sophisticates is a strategy
s
s
;
(
s
1
s
,
s
2
s
, . . . ,
s
T
s
) that satisfies for all
t
,
T s
t
s
5
Y
if and only if
U
t
(
t
)
$
U
t
(
t
9
) where
t
9
;
min
t
.
t
{
t
|
s
t
s
5
Y
}.
Note that in definitions 2, 3, and 4 we have assumed that people do it when in-
different, which implies that there is a unique perception-perfect strategy for each
type. In addition, this assumption implies that a perception-perfect strategy must
be a pure strategy. For generic values of
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