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N O N E X P E C T E D - U T I L I T Y T H E O R Y



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117
N O N E X P E C T E D - U T I L I T Y T H E O R Y
A whole family of models have this fanning-out property and, within this fam-
ily, one important subset consists of those models that restrict indifference curves
to be linear. One example is Soo Hong Chew and Kenneth MacCrimmon’s (1979)
weighted-utility theory in which preferences over prospects are represented by
the function:
V
(
q

5
[ • 
p
i
?
g
(
x
i
)
?
u
(
x
i
)]/[ • 
p
i
?
g
(
x
i
)],
(3)
where 
u
(
?
) and 
g
(
?
) are two different functions assigning non-zero weights to all
consequences. The model incorporates EU as the special case in which the
weights assigned by 
g
(
?
) are identical for every consequence. Weighted utility has
been axiomatized by, among others, Chew and MacCrimmon (1979a), Chew
(1983), and Fishburn (1983), and different variants are discussed in Fishburn
(1988). Essentially these axiomatizations involve a weakened form of the inde-
pendence axiom, which constrains indifference curves to be linear without requir-
ing them to be parallel. One version of weak independence is this: 
if q 
s

then
for each
p
q
there exists a corresponding
p
r
such that (
q
,
p
q
;
s
, 1
2
p
q
)
s
(
r

p
r
;
s
,
1
2
p
r
) for all
s
. If we think in terms of preferences in the triangle diagram, ex-
cepting the special case of EU, this axiom has the effect of requiring there to be
some point at which all indifference curves cross. The location of this point,
which could lie inside or outside of the triangle boundary, depends upon the spec-
ifications of the functions 
u
(
?
), and 
g
(
?
). Transitivity can be preserved by making
the point from which curves radiate lie outside the boundary of the triangle and, to
explain the common ratio and common consequence effects, the origin of indiffer-
ence curves must lie somewhere to the southwest of the triangle, as in figure 4.4.
Having restricted the model in this way,
12
we can then understand it as a special
r
t
s
q
m
Figure 
4.3 Indifference curves in generalized expected utility.
12
Chew and MacCrimmon (1979b) explain the conditions necessary to generate this property.



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