32
move beyond the question of whether pornography has an influence on violence and
family functioning.
114
The paper goes on to state:
While likely not a solitary influence, it appears that exposure to pornography is one
important factor which contributes directly to the development of sexually
dysfunctional attitudes and behaviours. The results are clear and consistent; exposure
to pornographic material puts one at increased risk of developing sexually deviant
tendencies, committing sexual offences, experiencing difficulties in one’s intimate
relationships, and accepting the rape myth. In order to promote a healthy and stable
society, it is time that we attend to the culmination of sound empirical research.
Other studies reveal that pornography viewing by teens disorients them during the developmental
phase when they have to learn how to handle their sexuality and when they are most vulnerable to
uncertainty about their sexual beliefs and moral values.
115
There has also been found to be a significant
relationship between frequent pornography use and feelings of loneliness, including major depression
among teens.
116
Adolescents exposed to high levels of pornography have also been found to have
lower levels of sexual self-esteem.
117
Pornography a factor in children abusing other children
A paper presented at the Ninth Australasian Conference on Child Abuse and Neglect in November
2003, by staff from the Child at Risk Assessment Unit, Canberra Hospital, has reported
that exposure
to X-rated pornography is one significant factor in children younger than 10 years old sexually abusing
other children.
118
The Little Children Are Sacred report released by the NT Government in June 2007 identified
pornography as one of the main drivers of an epidemic of sexual abuse which included the rape of
babies and a case of a 17-year-old forcing younger children to watch pornography and then act it out.
Violence in pornography
Sex educator,
Maree Crabbe, has stated that there are high levels of gendered aggression in
pornography, with 88 per cent depicting physical aggression such as gagging and choking, and 48 per
cent including verbal aggression.
119
"It also conveys a range of problematic messages around pleasure,
consent, body image and sexual health. Pornography is shaping young people's sexual
114
(Elizabeth Oddone-Paolucci, Mark Genius, Claudio Violato), Medicine, Mind &
Adolescence, Vol XII (1997)
115
Jochen Peter and Patti M. Valkenburg, “Adolescents’ Exposure to Sexually Explicit Internet Material, Sexual Uncertainty,
and Attitudes Toward Uncommitted Sexual Exploration: Is There a Link?” Communication Research 35 (2008): 579-601 (581
116
Michele L. Ybarra and Kimberly J. Mitchell, “Exposure to Internet Pornography among Children and Adolescents: A
National Survey,” CyberPsychology & Behavior 8 (2005): 473-86 (479). 10 Vincent Cyrus Yoder, Thomas B.Virden III, and Kiran
Amin “Internet pornography and Loneliness: An Association?” Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity 12 (2005): 19-44 (30). This
was a study of 400 individual Internet pornography users.
117
xi
Todd G. Morrison, Shannon R. Ellis, Melanie A. Morrison, Anomi Bearden, and Rebecca L. Harriman, “Exposure to Sexually
Explicit Material and Variations in Body Esteem, Genital Attitudes, and Sexual Esteem Among a Sample of Canadian Men,”
The Journal of Men’s Studies 14 (2006): 209-22 (216-7).
118
‘Child Protection and the Internet’ presented by Dr Janet Stanley, Ms Cassandra Tinning, and Ms Katie Kovacs at the
Ninth Australasian Conference on Child Abuse and Neglect 2003
119
Wendy Tuohy, ‘Alarm sounds on porn’s violent side-effects’,
Herald Sun
, 26 July 2015,
http://blogs.news.com.au/heraldsun/theperch/index.php/heraldsun/comments/alarm sounds on porns rough side eff
ects/
33
understandings,
expectations and practices," she said. "A study last year from the UK showed a
normalisation of coercive heterosexual anal sex among 16 to 18-year-olds."
120
Addiction to pornography
Pornography-related addictions rose by 300 per cent in the three years leading up to 2011 according
to Robert Mittiga, the program director of GATS Counselling Services in Adelaide. Mittiga has publicly
stated that around 7-10 per cent of regular internet users become hooked on online sex.
121
Addiction
to pornography is also high in the UK, where more than a quarter of young patients at a leading private
clinic in London are being treated for addiction to online pornography.
122
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