Tourism investment & finance 21 Unit 2: Evaluate Investment Environment



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Corporate structure:
the structure is typically set up in the country of investment
although a separate corporate structure may exist in the investors’ home country. The 
types of permissible and advisable corporate structures will be based on the governing 
jurisdiction of where the legal entity is registered and will require local legal counsel to 
provide advice and process necessary paperwork. 

Stockholders Agreement:
Articles of incorporation define the rights and obligations of 
investors, how decisions regarding the investment will be made, how dividends will be 
paid, etc. 
P
REPARE 
L
OAN 
A
PPLICATIONS
In general, it is preferred to mix both debt and equity financing. The primary benefits of debt 
financing are 

Reduction in the amount of equity financing (capital)
needed from investors 

Financial leverage
or increasing investor returns, achievable when the cost of 
borrowing is lower than the projected return on investment, or internal rate of return. For 
example, if the overall or “equity only” IRR for a project is 15% per year (the projected 
return if the project has no debt, averaged over the period of financial projections, 
typically 5 to 10 years) and the cost of borrowing is 9% per year, investor returns can be 
increased, for example, to 20% per year, depending on the proposed debt/equity ratio.
 
RESOURCE 5.2
 
D
EBT 
F
INANCING 
R
ESOURCE
:
 
V
ERDE 
V
ENTURES
 
The venture capital arm of Conservation International, Verde Ventures, provides debt and in 
some cases equity financing for sustainable tourism projects. The application process is 
explained at 
www.conservation.org/sites/verdeventures/loans/apply/pages/apply.aspx



TOURISM INVESTMENT & FINANCE
60 
Most lenders require a substantial equity commitment in order to provide loans, typically 
anywhere from 20–80% of total development costs, to ensure that 

The borrower is at significant financial risk if the project fails and has a significant 
incentive to ensure project success. 

The project will earn enough income to repay the loan, per the agreed terms. This 
concept is expressed in terms of the projected debt service coverage ratio, or ratio of net 
income projected each year to the required debt service payment. Most financial 
institutions require a debt service coverage ratio of at least 2:1, or projected annual net 
income that is at least twice the amount of debt service payments for any given year.
The inherent risk of debt financing is that project cash flows in below expectations insufficient 
then to repay the loan. In that event the project enters into

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