Russian Railways
Russian Railways
(Russian: ОАО «Российские железные дороги» (ОАО «РЖД»),
romanized:
OAO Rossiyskie zheleznye dorogi (OAO RZhD)
) is a Russian fully
state-owned
vertically integrated
railway company
, both managing infrastructure and operating freight and
passenger train services.
JSCo RZhD
Headquarters in
Moscow
Native name
ОАО «РЖД»
Type
Open joint-stock company
Industry
Railways
Predecessor
Ministry of Railways of the Russian Federation
(1992–2004)
Founded
18 September 2003
Headquarters
Red Gates Square (
55°46′N 37°39′E (https://ge
ohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=
Russian_Railways¶ms=55_46_N_37_39_E
_type:landmark_region:RU-MOS)
),
Moscow
,
Russia
Area served
Russia
Key people
Oleg Belozyorov
(General director)
Arkady Dvorkovich
(chairman of the board)
[1]
Services
Rail transport
,
Cargo
Revenue
$38.6 billion
[2]
(2017)
Operating income
$3.47 billion
[2]
(2017)
Net income
$2.39 billion
[2]
(2017)
Total assets
$76.6 billion
[2]
(2017)
Total equity
$41.3 billion
[2]
(2017)
Owner
Russian Government
(100%)
[3]
740,315
[4]
(2017)
The company was established on 18 September 2003, when a decree was passed to
separate the upkeep and operation of the railways from the
Ministry of Railways of the
Russian Federation
.
[5]
RZhD is based in Moscow at Novaya Basmannaya str., 2. The operating
units of the central part of the staff are at Kalanchevskaya str., 35.
[6]
Railways in
Crimea
are controlled by
Crimea Railway
, a separate company.
[7]
Background and 2003 reform
After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Russian Federation inherited 17 of the 32
regions of the former
Soviet Railways
(SZD).
[8]
By 1998, total freight traffic was half the 1991 figure.
[8]
Government investment in the railway
system was greatly curtailed, and passenger fares were no longer subsidized.
[8]
Though
increasingly inefficient, the Russian railway system avoided major reform into the 1990s.
[8]
A
Structural Reform Program, focused on restructuring the railway sector within 10 years, was
ultimately approved in 2001.
[9]
In 2003, the Federal Law on Railway Transport divided the Ministry of Railways into the
Federal Railway Transport Agency (FRTA) and Russian Railways (RZD).
[10]
The reform also
required RZD to provide access to railway infrastructure to other carriers and operators.
[10]
As
the law requires carriers to provide service to customers anywhere in Russia, RZD retained its
dominant position.
[10]
Number of employees
Website
Russian Railways (English) (https://eng.rzd.ru/)
History
The old RZD logo
Later in 2003, the Decree No. 585 established RZD as a joint stock company, making it a
holding in charge of 63 subsidiaries, including
TransContainer
, RailTranAuto, Rail Passenger
Directorate, Russian Troika, TransGroup, and Refservis.
[10]
RZD acquired 987 companies (95%
in asset value) out of the 2046 that had formed the MR system.
[11]
Gennady Fadeyev, the
Railways Minister, became the company's first president.
[12]
The reform saw the creation of a new market segment following the privatization of the
network's rolling stock. The company divided the bulk of its wagon fleet between two new
operating companies,
Freight One
(which was later privatised) and
Freight Two
(renamed
Federal Freight in 2012), and private players such as GlobalTrans also entering the market.
2000s
In 2003, RZD launched a project to replace the
narrow gauge
on
Sakhalin Railway
to the
broad
gauge
used in the rest of Russia, which it formally completed in August 2019.
[13]
The share of
privately owned wagons in the freight transport increased to one-third of the total by
2005.
[10]
On 18 May 2006, the company signed an agreement with
Siemens
for the delivery of
eight high-speed trains.
[14]
On 23 May 2007, Russian Railways adopted a new corporate style which changed
fundamentally the way the Company presented itself visually to the outside world. The
change of corporate identity underwent several stages during the 2007–2010 period.
[15]
The
final version of the logo was designed by
BBDO
Branding.
[16]
Also, commissioned by
BBDO
Branding The Agency HardCase Design created a family of
corporate fonts RussianRail, consisting of 15 fonts. In the new company logo
Sans-serif
RussianRail Grotesque Medium was used. In 2008, the new logo of Russian Railways became a
runner-up for the international design competition WOLDA '08 award.
[17]
An old car (probably from the Soviet period) designed in the new corporate livery of Russian Railways
Strategy 2030, an investment plan to expand and modernize the railway network, was
approved by the Russian government in 2008.
[18]
Since 2008, as part of the structural reform
of rail transport, with separation of the services infrastructure of transportation activity and
the emergence of a competitive environment, Russian Railways has been transformed into a
vertically oriented holding company.
[19]
In 2009, the investment budget was 262.8 billion rubles (excluding VAT), of which 47.4 billion
for projects related to the preparation and staging of the Olympic Games in Sochi; 58.7 billion
for the renovation of the rolling stock (including supply of
Sapsan
trains).
2010s
In 2010, Federal Passenger Company was established as a fully owned subsidiary of Russian
Railways, providing long-distance passenger services both in Russia and abroad.
[20]
By the end
of 2013, it operated all long-distance routes, except for high-speed
Sapsan
lines, which are
operated by RZD.
[20]
2005–2010 modernization program of Russian Railways
RZD issued its first dollar-denominated
bond
in 2010, raising $1.5 billion.
[21]
On 28 October
2011, the Joint Stock Company
Freight One
, a subsidiary of Russian Railways, sold 75% of its
shares minus two shares for 125.5 billion rubles (about 4 billion $) to Independent Transport
Company owned by
Vladimir Lisin
.
[19]
Thus, Lisin as Russia's largest operator of rolling stock
acquired control of a quarter of the freight market.
[22]
As part of its reform efforts, RZD massively reduced its workforce, from 2.2 million in the
1990s to 934,000 people in 2012.
[20]
In 2012, it became one of the three largest transport
companies in the world.
[23]
According to a
Reuters
inquiry, RZD procurement activities in 2012 amounted to $22.5 billion;
part of this was awarded to private contractors with no genuine operations in de facto
noncompetitive tenders.
[24]
Some of the company addresses listed on the tenders turned out
to be private apartments, car repair shops or department stores.
[24]
It was alleged that the
contractors were actually
shell companies
, used to convey billions of dollars in tenders to
close associates of Yakunin, president of RZD.
[25]
Zheldoripoteka, RZD's real estate arm, was revealed to have sold land plots located close to
railway stations in major cities to the son of Russian Railways president Vladimir Yakunin.
[26]
Far East Land Bridge, a company partnered with a Russian Railways subsidiary, was also linked
to Yakunin's son.
[27]
Platzkart carriages
On 16 October 2012, Russian Railways has completed competitive negotiations with
potential buyers of the remaining 25-percent plus 1 share stake in JSC
Freight One
. The best
binding offer was received from the Independent Transport Company LLC. The assets were
sold for 50 billion rubles.
[28]
In early November 2012, Russian Railways announced the purchase of 75% of the French
logistics company Gefco SA. The total value of the transaction was 800 million euros, the
seller being
PSA Peugeot Citroen
, the parent company of Gefco.
[29]
A program to modernize
the
Baikal–Amur Mainline
was launched in 2013, costing the equivalent of £4 billion by
2018.
[30]
In 2015, RZD International won a €1.2 billion contract to electrify the Garmsar–Inche Bourun
line in Iran.
[31]
In August 2015, company president
Vladimir Yakunin
was dismissed,
[32]
allegedly because of
poor performance and mismanagement.
[33]
Yakunin was replaced by
Oleg Belozyorov
.
[32]
RZD International began works on the reconstruction of the Serbian Vinarci – Djordjevo line in
2016.
[34]
The
Moscow Central Circle
railway, designed and managed by
Roszheldorproject
, an
RZD subsidiary, opened in September 2016.
[35]
In July 2018, the company announced plans to
phase out third-class carriages on long-distance trains by 2025.
[36]
2020s
On February 24, 2022, in response to Russia's
invasion
of
Ukraine
, US President
Joe Biden
announced
economic sanctions
against several Russian companies, including Russian
Railways.
[37]
On April 11, 2022, the
Wall Street Journal
and
Reuters
reported that the
International Swaps
and Derivatives Association
had determined a "failure to pay" credit event occurred on 250
million CHF worth of Swiss franc loan participation notes linked to an entity related to
Russian Railways, RZD Capital. The determination is considered the first step to triggering a
credit default swap
.
[38][39]
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