Bog'liq 12.04.2022 Schopfer2017 Article ProvidingPrimaryFrequencyContr
2 Primary frequency control with battery systems In a liberalized market the transmission grid operator (TSO)
organizes the following ancillary services as part of its legal
obligations: Frequency control (primary control, secondary
control, tertiary control), voltage support, etc. Throughout
this article we focus only on primary frequency control (PFC)
as batteries are well suited to provide this type of service.
Electricity or electrical energy cannot be stored in large
quantities by conventional means. For this reason, at any
given point in time, the amount of electricity produced must
correspond precisely to the amount being consumed. This
balance guarantees the secure operation of the electricity grid
at a constant frequency of 50 Hz. Unforeseen fluctuations
between the feeding-in and withdrawal of electrical energy
in the grid must be balanced out at short notice, which is done
by the suppliers of control energy increasing or reducin g
power plant output. In the concurrence of an imbalanced grid,
primary frequency control (PFC) is invoked to stabilize the
frequency followed by secondary and tertiary control which
restores the frequency to its nominal value of 50 Hz (+/
−
50
mHz death band) [
22
].
TSOs across Europe may require different requirements
for the provision frequency regulation. We follow here the
requirements and guidelines for the TSO of Switzerland
(Swissgrid AG). Swissgrid organizes weekly tenders for the
provision of primary frequency control. The minimum bid-
ding reserve is
±
1 MW with a maximum allowance of
±
25
MW per tenderer. The successful tenderer is then obligated
to reserve the offered capacity at the offered price during one
week with a lead time of 45 s and a maximum duration of 15
min per invocation. The successful tenderer is paid as bid.
Battery systems are well suited to provide this kind of ser-
vice for two main reasons. Firstly, batteries can react orders
of magnitudes faster than traditional power plants. This may
become an important advantage as the required reaction time
may decrease significantly with increasing share of renew-
able [
24
]. Secondly, batteries can provide power reserves
(up and down regulating power) without producing energy,
effectively decoupling power from energy provision [
7
]. Sin-
gle household units with rooftop PV systems combined with
batteries cannot provide PCR alone but in combination with
other rooftop PV-battery installations when aggregated in
a virtual power plant (VPP). In this study, a large dataset
of 4232 load profiles is assumed to represent individual