Teach english new edition r



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how to teach english

construction 
of 
something, whether it is the language itself, the ways in which it is used or how it sounds 
and looks. Study activities can range from the focus on and practice of a single sound 
to an investigation of how a writer achieves a particular effect in a long text; from the 
examination and practice of a verb tense to the study of a transcript of informal speech in 
order to discuss spoken style. In the PPP procedure described above, both presentation and 
practice (the first two stages) are focusing on the construction of an element of gram m ar or 
lexis; after all, controlled practice (where students repeat many phrases using the language 
they are focusing on) is designed to make students think about language construction. 
W hen we have students repeat words with the correct pronunciation (or say the words we 
want them to say based on 
cues 
we give them ), it is because we want them to think about 
the best way to say the words. We want them to think of the construction of the words’ 
pronunciation.
But study here means more than the PPP procedure - although PPP is, of course, one 
kind of study. Students can study in a variety of different ways. Sometimes we may show 
them a new gram m ar pattern, repeating each element separately or putting a diagram 
on the board before getting them to repeat sentences, and that is very m uch like a PPP 
procedure. But at other times, we may show students examples o f language and ask them to 
try to work out the rules. Such 
discovery activities 
ask the students to do all the intellectual 
work, rather than leaving it to the teacher. Sometimes students can read a text together and 
find words and phrases they want to concentrate on for later study. At other times, they 
may spend time, with the teacher, listening to or looking at the language they have used to
52


Describing learning and teaching
see when it has been more or less successful. All of these (and many other possibilities) are 
examples of the study of language construction.
Some typical language areas for study m ight be the study and practice of the vowel sound 
in ‘ship’ and ‘sheep’ (e.g. ‘chip’, ‘cheap’, ‘dip’, ‘deep’, ‘bit’, ‘beat’, etc), the study and practice of 
the third person singular of the present simple (‘He sleeps’, ‘she laughs’, ‘it works’, etc), the 
study and practice of lexical phrases for inviting (‘ 
Would you like to
come to the cinema/to a 
concert?’, etc), the study and practice of the way we use pronouns in w ritten discourse (e.g. 
‘A m an entered a house in Brixton. 
He
was tall with an unusual hat. 
It
was m ulticoloured 
. . . ’, etc), the study and practice of paragraph organisation (topic sentence, development, 
conclusion) or of the rules for using ‘make’ and ‘do’.
Activate (A)
This element describes exercises and activities which are designed to get students using 
language as freely and communicatively as they can (as in CLT - see page 50). We will not 
be asking them to focus on the use of a particular structure, or to try to use words from a 
list we give them. That would make what they are doing more like a study activity, where 
they are expected to focus on the accuracy of specific bits of language, rather than on the 
message they are trying to convey or the task that needs to be performed. The objective in 
an activate activity is for them to use 
all
and 
any
language which may be appropriate for a 
given situation or topic. In this way, students get a chance to try out real language use with 
little or no restriction - a kind of rehearsal for the real world.

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