102
2.
Should seek professional medical advice and cooperate with the
doctor.
3.
Allowed (and may be expected) to shed some normal
activities
and responsibilities.
4.
Regarded as being in need of care and unable to get better by his
or her own decisions and will.
Although having less power than
doctors in the consultation, pa-
tients can nevertheless influence the interaction by their willingness to
ask questions and assume a more participative role. It appears that youn-
ger people are more likely to expect a relationship of mutual participa-
tion than elderly people. Patients with a
high social and educational
level also tend to participate more in the consultation in terms of asking
questions and asking for explanations and clarification than patients
from a lower socioeconomic background and educational level. This
possibly reflects their greater knowledge and confidence and the smaller
status gap between doctor and patient.
Patients are often passive and unquestioning during initial hospital
consultations, whereas by the second or third consultation they generally
initiate questions themselves and take a more participative approach.
Interaction in the consultation and the information and explanations
provided by doctors has been shown to reflect their assumptions of the
interests of different patient groups (Street 1991). For example, there is
some evidence that doctors volunteer more explanations to some groups
of patients, including more educated patients and male.
A particular feature of general practice is the opportunity for perso-
nal
continuity of care, with doctors and patients often knowing each
other over a long period. Consultations therefore
often take place in a
familiar context and can benefit from the doctor’s prior awareness of the
patient’s social situation, past history and concerns. By contrast, patients
rarely experience this personal continuity in a hospital situation. In addi-
tion, communication on the ward is frequently limited by patient’s fee-
lings of a lack of privacy and difficulties of interaction can arise if the
doctor or medical team stands at the end of the bed rather than coming
close to and preferably sitting at the same level as the patient.
The content of consultations is also influenced at a macro level by
the system of financing of health care. Consultations financed on a fee-
for-service basis generally occupy a longer time and doctors’
practice
style is more patient-oriented than when they are paid on a per capita or
103
salaried basis. This is because a fee-for-service payment is often associa-
ted with a greater
availability of resources, there is less institutional
pressure to achieve a high patient throughput, and doctors feel a greater
need to achieve a high level of patient satisfaction.
Patients who are
paying on a fee-for-service basis also tend to expect a longer consultati-
on and a full discussion with the doctor and are frequently more active
in asking questions.
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