|
Paradigm
Paradigm
-
-
the system showing a word in all
the system showing a word in all
its word
its word
-
-
forms.
forms.
►
►
Word
Word
-
-
forms
forms
-
-
grammatical forms of
grammatical forms of
words:
words:
e.g.
e.g.
walk, walks, walked, walking;
walk, walks, walked, walking;
e.g.
e.g.
singer, singer
singer, singer
’
’
s, singers, singers
s, singers, singers
’
’
.
.
His brother is a well
His brother is a well
-
-
known
known
singer
singer
.
.
I wonder who has
I wonder who has
taken
taken
my umbrella.
my umbrella.
Variants of Words
Variants of Words
Group Two
Group Two
1.
1.
phonetic variants
phonetic variants
:
:
often
often
[
[
‘
‘
O:fn
O:fn
]
]
and
and [
[
‘
‘
O:ftn
O:ftn
]
]
;
;
again
again
[
[
ə
ə
’
’
gein]
gein]
and
and [
[
ə
ə
’
’
gen].
gen].
2.
2.
morphological variants
morphological variants
:
:
learned [
learned [
-
-
d]
d]
and
and
learnt [
learnt [
-
-
t]
t]
;
;
geologic
geologic
–
–
geological,
geological,
etc.
etc.
90
Conversion
creating new words by a change of word
class without any alteration to the form of the
word itself
e.g.
bottle
(noun) vs.
bottle
(verb)
program
(noun) vs.
program
(verb)
pronunciation is often key in discriminating
between a noun and a verb
Conversion
Productive way of creating verbs from nouns
and nouns from verbs.
It is not always possible to tell which came
first without checking in an etymological
dictionary.
But sometimes it is possible to guess:
‘to bottle’ means ‘to put something in a bottle’
91
Back-formation
back-formation
: creating new words by
modifying an existing word (usually
eliminating a suffix)
e.g.
television
(noun) >
televise
(verb)
Acronyms
First letter(s) placed in a sequence to form a
new word.
MODEM (MOdulator DEModulator)
DART (Dublin Area Rapid Transit)
When you read the letters individually, the
acronym is an
initialism
MTV
DIY
CD-ROM < combination
92
Clipping
“cutting” a word,
clippings nearly always
refer to everyday objects
ad
fax
math
pub
advertisement
public house
mathematics
facsimile
Reduplication
bye-bye
super-duper, teeny-weeny,
splish-splash, zig-zag
Not very productive in English
Speakers will sometimes use it when being
patronising or sarcastic
93
•
Phraseology
is a branch of linguistics which
studies different types of set expressions.
•
Set expressions
are non-motivated or
partially motivated word groups that cannot
be freely made up in speech, but are
reproduced as ready-made units.
•
e.g.
to carry coals to New Castle; a white
elephant
,
to have one’s heart in one’s boots;
to build castles in the air
, etc.
94
Early 1600’s:
The first wave of English-speaking settlers arrive in North America as
part of the British colonization movement. They bring English, now
an “emigrant language,” to native North Americans; in addition, the
settlers and their families continue to speak their own native tongue.
The process of an emigrant language’s evolution:
1) The language evolves from a specific homeland language.
2) The emigrant language begins to change course because of
lack of direct contact with the homeland.
3) The emigrant language continues to evolve away from
the homeland, gradually creating a new dialect.
4) The homeland dialect continues to evolve as well, diverging
further away from the emigrant dialect of the language.
Between the end of the 17
th
century and the 21
st
century, many
gradual changes to the form of the English language have
taken place under this process.
The process caused the Americans and the British to diverge so
drastically in terms of the forms of their languages that they are
now considered two separate English language dialects.
1806 – Noah Webster publishes his first dictionary, A
Compendious Dictionary of the English Language.
Up until this time, English dictionaries included strictly British
vocabulary, spellings, and pronunciations.
Webster was convinced that an outline of a common,
American, national language would unify his country.
95
1828 –publishes American Dictionary of the English Language
1890 – Merriam brothers {who received the rights to Webster’s
dictionaries after his death} publish Webster’s First International
Dictionary, an all-encompassing look at the English language
Noah Webster’s intentions?
To prove that Americans spoke a different
dialect than the British {but a dialect that was in no
way inferior – he believed it deserved a unique
documentation of its own trends}
Merriam’s intentions?
"The purpose of the dictionary is to provide a record of
the language as it is used by educated people who
have been speaking and writing it all their lives.“
-- H. Bosley Woolf {Merriam's editorial director}
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