Marketing communication: principles and practice


A C O M M U N I C A T I O N C O N C E P T



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73 Marketing communication principles and practice Richard J Varey

A C O M M U N I C A T I O N C O N C E P T
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Communicator
credibility
Communicator
attractiveness
Communicator
power
Interaction
outcome
Figure 2.6
Influences on communication outcome
Source
: Kelman, 1961


The derived self
The self is composed of multiple identities with associated loyalty to
relationships of ethnic community, religion, locality, and nation or supra-
nation. Dittmar (1992) argues that identity is located at the individual–society
interface, linking self and consumption. With some products, we develop a
sort of relationship in which they come to be important parts of our identity.
Others cannot be so readily accommodated. These, if they are to be absorbed,
require an exploration of identity – ‘the quest for outer difference becomes
a quest for inner meaning’ (Gabriel and Lang, 1995: 78). Consumption has
become an opportunity to display one’s identity – but is this creative
opportunity or cultural determinism? Certain objects are vital elements of
our identity as if physical extensions of our bodies. McLuhan (1964) saw
these extensions of our physical existence as communication media – anything
that amplifies or intensifies a bodily organ, sense or function. These also act
as filters to organize and interpret our social existence – each affects the whole
psychic and social complex. As communicator, the consumer uses products
as bridges to relate to other people. As identity-seeker, the consumer searches
for a real self in consumed objects (see Gabriel and Lang, 1995). 
We derive a sense of self (personal identity) from ‘what we are not’ – from
what surrounds us, i.e. from our experience of the world (Russell, 1982).
This externally derived sense of identity, from our interaction with others,
may be our only sense of identity, and yet it is as transitory and ephemeral
as the experiences from which it is derived. Almost all human activity is
towards establishing and defending our identities.
Identification increases susceptibility to influence (Kelman, 1961). It pays
us to identify. In developing and maintaining a favourable, self-defining social
relationship (often subtle and unrecognized) with a controlling agent, we
are able to construct a favourable self-image. This type of conformity
facilitates the adoption of collective norms and values – for example, consider
the decision to buy and wear clothing that bears a corporate label. Celebrity
product endorsement aims to promote the possibility of identification by
exploiting the social attractiveness of the person, group, or corporation. We
are prompted to ask ourselves ‘who am I?’, ‘who are you?’, and ‘who may I
be(come) if I (am) associate(d) with you?’ 
Russell (1982) argues that we acquire possessions to show who we are
and to confer status upon ourselves – ‘many advertisements prey upon the
need to reaffirm a sense of self’ (Russell 1982: 106) – they solve problems
on the level of image. The derived self constantly strives to reaffirm its
existence by identifying with something larger, such as a group or belief
system. The ‘right’ association supports the identity. Following a fashion
reaffirms ‘belongingness’. The intrinsic self (character) has given way to a
mouldable extrinsic self (personality), while consumer goods provide
instruments for the construction of the self – the ‘self as other’.
Kenneth Burke (1950) proposed three sources of identification: material,
idealistic, and formal.

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