Academic/General Training Module by Adam Smith First Published in 2015

 IELTS
 JOURNAL 
 
117 
motivation to become socially acceptable and notable individuals, since many 
adolescents find themselves bored, indecisive and/or unmotivated.
E) 
Adolescents may be subject to peer pressure within their adolescent time span, 
consisting of the need to have relationships with the opposite sex, consume alcoholic 
beverages, use drugs, defy their parental figures, or commit any act which other 
people, particularly adults, may not deem appropriate. Peer pressure is a common 
experience between adolescents and may result briefly or on a larger scale.
It should also be noted that adolescence is the stage of a psychological breakthrough 
in a person's life when the cognitive development is rapid and the thoughts, ideas 
and concepts developed at this period of life greatly influence the individual's future 
life, playing a major role in character and personality formation. 
Exercise 56: Gap-filling 
Read the following text about universities.
Religion was central to the curriculum of early European universities. However, 
its role became less significant during the 19th century, and by the end of the 
1800s, the German university model, based on more liberal values, had spread 
around the world. Universities concentrated on science in the 19th and 20th 
centuries, and became increasingly accessible to the masses. In Britain, the 
move from industrial revolution to modernity saw the arrival of new civic 
universities with an emphasis on science and engineering. 
The funding and organisation of universities vary widely between different 
countries around the world. In some countries, universities are predominantly 
funded by the state, while in others, funding may come from donors or from 
fees which students attending the university must pay.