3. Analysis of the English and Russian idioms in fiction books and their
interpretations.
As all idioms has deep history appearing in each nation according to its nation‘s
history, geographical condition, social life and customs. Custom and tradition is
one of the most important branches the existence of idioms in all languages. The
idioms are mostly active in Belle-letters, fiction books, novels, short stories and
essays. The plot of this chapter is deep analyzes of idioms in English Belles-letters
such as ―Pride and Prejudice‖, ―Mansfield Park‖ by Jane Austen, ―Baxtiqaro
Kerri‖ was written by Teador by A.S.Pushkin. This book is full of idiomatic
expressions. Most of them are given and analyzed in this paragraph. The 19th
century women writers Charlotte Bronte and Jane Austen used
many English idioms in their novels to show women‘s status more impressively.
The following examples are taken from their works: ―Fanny must have a horse,‖
was Edmund‘s reply Mrs. Norris could not see itin the same light. Lady Bertram
did; she entirely agreed with her son as to the necessity of it, and as to its being
considered necessary by his father; she only pledged against there being any hurry,
she only wanted him to wait till Sir Tomas‘s return, and then Sir Tomas might
settle it on all himself.‖/34;150] To see something/somebody in the same light -
meants to have an equal reaction to someone or something. In Russian equivalent
of it ―быть в одной шкуре‖. It is used in colloquial speech. To settle it on all- to
decide something finally and Russian form of it ―решиться в конечном итоге‖.
When Elizabeth says about her getting married to Darcy, Mrs Bennet says: ―Good
gracious! Lord bless me! Only think! Dear me! Mr Darcy! Who would have
thought it! And is it really true? Oh, my sweetest Lizzy! How rich and how great
you will be! What pin-money, what jewels, what carriages you will have! [35;358]
The sentences ―Lord bless me‖ is used instead of God bless me because at that
time people respected the lords as their god. So it was usual for them. The
sentence ―What pin-money‖ is irony here, because pin means small amount of
money, in the 17 and 18th centuries used this expression for the people who are
very rich. Charlotte, who is the closest friend of Elisabeth (the main character of
Pride and Prejudice), says: ―we can all begin freely- a slight preference in natural
enough, but there are very few o f us who have heart enough to be really in love
without encouragement. ‖ To have heart enoughmeans to have enough strength to
fall in love somebody. Elizabeth is the cleverest among five daughters in family
and her father is the only person who can talk sincerely: ―Elizabeth, however, had
never been blind to theimpropriety o f her father‘s behavior as a husband.‖ To be
blind to something- means you try not to pay attention to something even you see
it. The Russianequivalent is ―закрыть глаза‖. According to the tradition and
culture women‘s voice are not listened to when they try to speak out their mind in
front of a male audience: ―Something stirred in an adjoining chamber; itwouldn‘t
to be surprised eavesdropping, the second [song], I thought, from the style and
substance, was the language o f her own heart.‖ [34; 164]Jane Bennett is the eldest
daughter who is very naive and generous character, so Elisabeth says: ―Oh you are
a great deal too apt, you know, to like people in general. You never see a fault in
anybody. All the world are good and agreeable in your eyes. I never heard you
speak ill o f a human being in your life. ―All the world‖ is used instead of entire the
world and meant not the whole world, may be the people there. ―Speak ill‖- means
speak bad things about people or spreading unreliable gossips to others. The author
of this novel Jane Austen tried to show openly the life of women at the turn of 19th
century. She wrote that one false step of daughter can ruin all the daughters‘
fortune and poor mother‘s. Poor Mrs Bennet doesn‘t know what to do with her
other daughters. It is very shameful event for whole family. Elizabeth says:
―Unhappy as the event must be for Lydia, we may draw from it this useful lesson;
That loss o f virtue in a female is irretrievable - that one false step involves her in
endless ruin - that her reputation is no less brittle than it is beautiful - and that she
can‘t be too much guarded in her behavior towards the undeserving o f the other
sex.‖ The whole house is in such confusion. [35; 201] The expression ―one false
step in involves her in endless ruin‖ is considered as an English idiom and means
to make bad mistake. This expression means as the same in Russian language as
―ложный шаг‖ It‘s also considered as an idiom in Russian language. While I was
reading those English books there aren‘t much idiomatic expressions as used in
Russian fiction books. Phraseological units give to the speech special
expressiveness and accuracy. These units of the speech allow to state one apt
expression thought which was concluded in several offers, and sometimes and in
whole text. The use of phraseological units enriches the speech, develops the
feeling of language, makes a statement more figurative and expressional [2].
Phraseological units reflect the culture of language, his history and traditions. As a
result of a research of the story of A.S. Pushkin "Dubrovsky" was forty seven
phraseological units are revealed. During the analysis of structure of phraseological
units of the story of A.S. Pushkin Dubrovsky we found out the following:
1) The main part of steady combinations is in the speech
characters of the story (41 of 47), other six are conducted from the face storyteller.
Thus, we can draw a conclusion that use phraseological units helps to create
speech characteristic of heroes and to transfer their emotional state.
2) The main part of phraseological units is heard in the speech of serfs Dubrovsky.
So thanks to existence in Anton's speech (the serf Dubrovsky) such steady
combinations, we can characterize the hero as the person conceiving independently
and figuratively. For example: "so he from them not only will tear off a skin and
meat. «так он с них не только шкурку, да и мясо-то отдерет. Нет, дай бог
долго здравствовать Андрею Гавриловичу» [5]. Arkhip smith's speech is also
allocated with phraseological units which it is possible to define as colloquial:
"«Эх как они храпят, окаянные; всех бы разом, так и концы в воду», " what
speaks about the hero's belonging to the national environment. In him speeches 5
phraseological units were found what makes 11% of their total number. In
Egorovna's statements all steady combinations have in the majority colloquial
coloring, however they are noted additional paints that helps to define the relation
of the heroine to to the interlocutor. So, in the following remark the ironical
neglect sounds: «Зачем ты встал с постели… на ногах не стоишь, а туда же
норовишь, куда и люди»" [5]. In this phraseological unit we catch care of close
the person, pity and desire to save from a trouble. In the words "не на робкого
напал" and in a phraseological unit "поджал хвост" the neglect is traced to to the
landowner Troyekurov who was a violator of rest in the Dubrovsky house. 5
phraseological units were found in Egorovna's speech that makes 11% of their total
number. It is necessary to define feature of characteristic of the speech most
landowner Troyekurov. His speech is also allocated with phraseological units
which on to the stylistic coloring are colloquial. Their use allows to recreate a
speech portrait of the character. Such phraseological units are turned to several
heroes. The most biting, helping to draw the addressee's portrait, the landowner
turns to Anton Pafnutyich. For example: "… Знаем мы вас… дома живѐшь
свинья свиньѐй, никого не принимаешь, своих мужиков обдираешь, знай
копишь, да и только» " [5]. Use of similar phraseological units in the speech at
the address to other character speaks about roughness, lack of culture of
communication and Troyekurov's permissiveness, and also characterizes Anton
Pafnutyich from the bad side. In the speech of this the character 6 phraseological
units were found what sotavit 13% of their general numbers. However Anton
Pafnutyich uses bright in the speech colloquial and colloquial phraseological units
that testifies about him insufficient education and belonging to the national
language environment. For example: ―Как чего боюсь, батюшка Кирила
Петрович, а Дубровского-то; того и гляди попадѐшься ему в лапы. Он малый
не промах, никому не спустит, а с меня, пожалуй, и две шкуры сдерѐт‖ [5]. In
his speech 5 are revealed phraseological units that makes 11% of their total
number. Troyekurov and Anton Pafnutyich belong to nobility. Use of colloquial
phraseological units in the speech of these heroes demonstrates their low-
education, prosaicness and absence aspirations to self-development. Dubrovsky is
also a landowner, however his speeches in bigger degrees are inherent book
phraseological units that speaks about the culture of the character and high
education level. So set expressions: пасть к ногам, узы крови which in
dictionaries are noted today as outdate, demonstrate to what told by Dubrovsky
belongs to elevated style: «Я понял, что дом, где обитаете вы, священ, что ни
единое существо, связанное с вами узами крови, не подлежит моему
проклятию» or «…Я не смею пасть к вашим ногам, благодарить небо за
непонятную незаслуженную награду. О, как должен я ненавидеть того – но
чувствую, теперь в сердце моѐм нет места ненависти» [5].. 5 were found in his
speech phraseological units that made 11% of their total number.
In the speech of
Marya Kirilovna, one of the main characters of the story, stable no combinations
were found. In this regard, we draw attention to characterization of phraseologisms
used by A.S. Pushkin in description of the emotional state of this heroine:... "Kirila
Petrovich began to worry again, Marya Kirilovna была ни жива ни мертва.
"Marya Kirilovna did not see anything, did not hear anything, thought about one
thing, with she was waiting for Dubrovsky in the morning, hope was not for a
minute left..., "..."голова еѐ кипела, кровь волновалась, она решилась дать
знать обо всѐм Дубровскому " [5]. These phraseologisms do not sound in the
remarks of Marya Kirilovna herself, however, may be indicative of how they
would sound from her mouth in the author allowed her to describe her own
condition.We can trace this in the statement: "Vladimir foresaw him speedy
resolution and did not depart from the old man who fell into perfect childhood,
"where the author shows how observant Vladimir is, and in writer's comments:
«Облегчив душу сим благим намерением, Кирила Петрович пустился рысью
к усадьбе своего соседа…» [ 5].. Total in speech narrator found 6
phraseologisms, which amounted to 13% of their total numbers. Thus, the role of
phraseologisms in the story of A.S. Pushkin Dubrovsky consists in the following:
phraseologisms help to recreate the speech characteristic heroes of the story; are
used to describe the internal state of the characters, that is, they allow the reader to
kind of "hear" what the heroes are thinking, and also how they feel. [3
phraseologisms are necessary to create the characteristics of heroes, descriptions of
the scene and setting: "Marya Kirilovna сидела как на иголках»"(that is, felt
awkward, was embarrassed)," Well, guys, goodbye, "he said to the embarrassed
nobleman," I have nothing to do here, happily stay "(that is, the character says
goodbye to some shade irony in phraseological circulation), «Больно спесив
Кирила Петрович! а небось поджал хвост» (that is, frightened, phraseology
reflects in some degree of contempt for Troekurov, in the structure phraseology is
a comparison) and others. Phraseologisms contain imagery and emotionality, they
playing an aesthetic role in the text. Their use by A.S. Pushkin in the novels
"Dubrovsky" testify to the author's ability to select the necessary material and enter
it into the text, creating speech characterizing the characters by conveying their
emotional state, and describing the place and circumstances of the action. Thus, in
the course of the study, we found out that: 1. Most phraseologisms (41 of 47) are
used in speech heroes, which allows you to create a speech characteristic of
characters;
2. The remaining six phraseologisms were used by the author to reflect the
emotional state of the heroes, which also allows supplement the speech portrait of
the characters;
3. The use of phraseologisms indicates free the writer's possession of the Russian
language. Presence of characters in speech stable combinations indicate their
belonging and proximity to people's environment. Thus, in the course of the study,
we found out that the use of phraseologisms in the work play an important role.
First, their use helps the author create speech characterization of heroes. Secondly,
phraseologisms help convey the depth of experiences character. Thirdly, such
stable combinations allow the author to capaciously and figuratively describe the
scene and circumstances of what is happening. Fourth, phraseologisms provide a
deeper understanding of artistic text. Fifth, their use indicates that the author is
freespeaks Russian.
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