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dissolved in the reactive diluent. To prevent premature copolymerisation reactions during dis-
solution, small quantities of inhibitors, e.g. hydroquinone, methyl hydroquinone, or 4-tert.-butyl
brenzcatechol, are added. The delivery forms of unsaturated polyesters are solutions in reactive
diluents, mainly in styrene, with a solids content of 50 to 70 % by weight.
The putties are prepared by combining the unsaturated polyester solutions with high levels of
pigments and extenders to yield
a pasty product. Colouring is performed with titanium dioxide
and small quantities of carbon black and iron oxides. Calcium carbonate, aluminium silicates,
especially talc and kaolin, serve as extenders. The pigment and extenders are dispersed in “dis-
solvers” or kneaders. The type and quantity of extender varies with the rheological behaviour
of the putty. The putties must be applied by knives, must spread easily and form relatively
smooth
surfaces, and must not run.
Chemical curing of putties consists in free-radical-initiated copolymerisation of unsaturated
polyester together with reactive diluent (styrene). The initiators are peroxides, with benzoyl
peroxide preferred. When used in conjunction with a redox reagent, peroxide will generate
free-radicals at room temperature. Such redox reagents are mainly tertiary aromatic amines,
e.g. N,N-dimethyl aniline. The generation of free-radicals is shown in Figure 4.3.
The free-radicals initiate the copolymerisation process shown in Figure 4.4 (page 212).
There is very high probability that free-radicals initiate the process at the maleic ester in the
unsaturated polyester. The resultant free-radical absorbs a styrene molecule, and a new free-radi-
cal is formed. This free-radical starts a polymerisation chain by adding more styrene molecules.
However, chain propagation is fairly limited; polymerisation is terminated by recombination reac-
tions with other free-radicals. The outcome is a three dimensional molecular network containing
polyester chains which are interlinked several times by short polystyrene chains.
Crosslinked UP resins are very hard, and offer resistance to chemicals and excellent resistance to
solvents. As the reactive diluent is incorporated into the network structure by copolymerisation
and cannot evaporate, thick layers can be effectively through-cured. There are no blisters or similar
film flaws, which would occur when true solvents evaporated from film layers. The copolymerisation
reaction is exothermic. There are
virtually no solvent emissions, but some styrene does evaporate.
Where large areas have to be smoothed and the requisite film do not have to be very thick, spray
putties (spray fillers) can be used. These contain the same ingredients as knifing putties. However,
to achieve the low viscosity needed for the spraying process, they may additionally contain some
real solvents. Of course, such solvents must evaporate efficiently during film forming, without
causing any problems. The EU has imposed an upper limit of 250 g solvent per litre paint on such
products since 1 January 2007.
Figure 4.3: Generation of free-radicals by reaction of benzoyl peroxide with N,N-dimethyl aniline
Putties