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solvent) which is not added to the chain, but causes chain termination and the formation of a new
initiator free-radical by itself (see Figure 3.8.8). These reactions take place in fractions of seconds
and are extremely exothermic.
Production process
Unlike the production of polyester resins (see Chapter 3.5.3.1) which
form continuously growing
molecules throughout the reaction, the polymer molecules are formed in fractions of seconds, as
already described. Since the reaction is extremely exothermic, removing the thermal energy is a
prime consideration as otherwise the process would get out of control. The exothermic reaction
is managed by spreading the entire reaction over a period of time. This is best done by a feed
process in which the monomers and initiator are fed separately but concurrently into the reac-
tor. Both feeding and the reaction are carried out in a solvent that is added to the reactor before
monomer and initiator feed commence. Furthermore, before the reaction is commenced, the sol-
vent is heated to the temperature most conducive to initiator decomposition. The solvent chosen
is the one which is contained in the delivery form of the acrylic resin and which fits the coating
formulation. The solvent may also act as regulator.
Figure 3.8.9 illustrates the process diagram for the production of acrylic resins by solution
polymerisation. In the first step, the process solvent is heated to the reaction temperature. Then,
continuous addition of monomer mixture and initiator commences. There is an advantage in
commencing addition of the monomer mixture somewhat later (and then concurrently) than
addition of the initiator. Judicious choice of feed time ensures that the content of free monomer in
the reaction mixture remains more or less the same over the addition time. This is essential for
forming molecules of nearly the same size (comparable molecular weight and molecular weight
Figure 3.8.9: The solution polymerisation process.
Clearcoats
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distribution). Under these conditions, the reaction is virtually in a steady state. The temperature is
kept constant for the entire reaction by cooling. When addition of monomer is complete, addition
of initiator is continued to make sure that all free monomer is fully polymerised. To complete the
process, the characteristic values of the acrylic resin solution, namely solids content (nonvolatiles
fraction) and viscosity, are measured. Older processes employed either evaporative cooling by the
solvent or separate addition of initiator after the monomer. However, both methods do not provide
the best conditions for the preparation of reproducible acrylic polymers.
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