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The physical properties of the polymer (hardness, flexibility, glass-transition temperature) depend
on the composition of the monomers. Theoretically, the same conditions are employed as for solu-
tion polymerisation products (see Chapter 3.8.3.1). The film-forming behaviour of such primary
acrylic dispersions is influenced by the interaction of the small particles. As already mentioned
under the general
description of dispersions, the viscosity at low solids content is relatively low.
However, from a certain concentration on, the viscosity increases rapidly with increase in solids
content. The reason for this is that fine particles interact efficiently due to the large surface energy
possessed by small particles. This property provides strong support for film formation and the
immobilisation of effect substances. This behaviour is intensified when polymer dispersions are
used that have very large molecules or, even better, crosslinked molecules. Such dispersions
are able to form gels in the aqueous phase by interacting with the cosolvent. Such polymer gels
act like rheological additives. Partly crosslinked acrylic polymers bearing free carboxyl groups
can form gels if they are partly neutralised by amines. Specific quantities of such products in a
water-borne basecoat can have benefits for the application behaviour: immobilisation of the effect
substance, no sagging of the film on vertical parts of the coated object, support for physical dry-
ing, and no redissolving.
The particles of primary acrylic dispersion are able to form films only above a specific temperature
after water has evaporated. This temperature is called the minimum film-forming temperature
(MFT) and is a little bit higher than the glass-transition temperature (T
G
). Film forming of disper-
sions takes place by fusion of particles by their outer shells. As the film-forming temperatures of
basecoats are initially relatively low, acrylic polymers with low minimum film-forming temperatures
should be used. Unfortunately such polymers are relatively soft and not resistant to mechanical
impact, solvents or chemicals. To compensate, the dispersions chosen have polymers with higher
glass-transition temperature that confer hardness and resistance. The particles of such polymers
are embedded into the film matrix by the combination resins, which are not dispersions, but rather
are water-soluble and able to fill the hollow spaces between the said particles. So, at latest during
stoving with the clearcoat, the basecoat layer is fused very well, although it contains polymers with a
high MFT. However, it must be assumed that full interdiffusion does not occur. Domains of relatively
Figure 3.7.16: Principle behind emulsion polymerisation
Automotive
OEM coatings
159
high-molecular acrylic polymers still remain. Such areas cannot contribute to the crosslinking proc-
ess, even though they may contain functional groups for crosslinking reactions. Normally, therefore,
the polymers of dispersion do not contain monomers with additional functional groups. The useful
properties possessed by acrylic polymer dispersions are their drying properties, influence on the
rheology, and physical resistance. They are less suitable for wetting substrates and pigments, pro-
moting
flow and levelling, or supporting flexibility and crosslinking.
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