Iran in World History

Separation, A
(Farhadi, film), 11
Sevruguin, Antoine, 90, 92
Sex-change operations, 117
Sexual license, 120
Seyyed Ali Mohammad. 
See
Bab, the
Shah Murad, 82
Shah-nameh
. 
See
Book of Kings
Shah Rokh, 70
Shahr-i Sabz, 69
Shahr-e Sukhteh, 
See
Burnt City
Shahsevan tribe, 98
Shamanism, 66, 74
Shapur I, 33, 35–36
Sharia, 51–52, 55, 112; abrogation of, 86
Shari‘ati, Ali, 106–107
Sheep, 4
Sherley brothers, 76–77
Shi‘ism, 48–50, 52, 62–63, 74–77, 82, 
86, 99, 102–103, 107, 112, 116, 122; 
persecution of, 64, 80, 97
Shiraz, 7, 20, 27, 83–84, 86, 89
Shushan, 7, 8, 19. 
See also
Susa
Shushtar, 34
Sibawayh, 56
Siberia, 1, 61
Silk, 77
Silk Road, xii, 29, 32, 36, 43, 44, 49, 56, 
61, 73, 78
Simko Shikak, 96
Sintashta, 3, 5
Sizdah be-dar
(“Thirteenth outside”), 124

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I n d e x
150
Slaves, 25, 34, 53, 62, 80, 89
Smallpox, 87
Sodomy, 79. 
See also
Homosexuality
Sogdians, 25, 32, 36, 43, 44, 49, 61; 
adoption of Persian language, 58
Sohrab, 59
Soltan Hossein, 79–80
Soltan, Neda Agha, 119
Soroush, Abdolkarim, 116
South Africa, 98
Soviets, 4
Soviet Union (USSR), 98–100, 121
Spain, 77
Spanish language, xiii 
Spies, 88
Starvation, 80
Steppe culture, 1–3, 11, 24, 43, 66, 68; 
steppe art, 11
Stoddart, Charles, 88
Sufism, 53, 55, 65, 73, 75
Sugarcane, 87
Suicide, 116
Sultan Husayn Bayqara, 70
Sumerian texts, 8
Sunni, 52, 53, 62, 64, 68, 74–75, 81
Susa, 19. 
See also
Shushan
Sweden, 117
Syncretism, 35
Syria, 12, 30, 47, 48, 53, 55, 69, 105, 121
Syrians, 34, 48, 58
Tabari, Abu Ja‘far, 58
Tabriz, 66, 74–75, 85
Taghlid
(following legal precedent), 91
Tahereh, 85, 87 
Tahmasp, 75–76
Taj Mahal, 70
Tajikistan, xiii, 25, 44, 57, 64, 76, 121–122
Takht-i Sangin, 25
Talbot, Gerald F., 90
Taliban, 118
Talmud, 15, 51
Tamerlane, 81. 
See also
Timur Barlas
Tammuzi, 20, 49
Tang dynasty, 32, 43
Tanzimat
reforms, 87
Taqlid
. See 
Taghlid
Tashkent, 88
Taste of Cherry, A
(Kiarostami, film), 116
Taxes, 19, 30, 39, 47, 50–51, 64, 81
Tehran, 84, 88–89, 93, 107–108, 110, 114
Tehran University, 87
Tents, 11, 73
Tepe Sialk, 7
Terrorism, 108, 113, 118
Thousand and One Nights
, 56
Tigris River, 7
Timur Barlas, 68–70. 
See also
Tamerlane
Tobacco Revolt, 90
Tokharians, 12
Toronto, 121
Tower of London, 81
Trade, 30, 32, 43, 46–47, 70, 73, 77–78, 
83. 
See also
Commerce
Tristan and Iseult
, 31
Tudeh party, 100, 113
Tughlugh dynasty, 69
Turanians, 59
Turkestan governnate, 88
Turkey, xi, xiii, 96–97, 103, 121
Turkification, 61, 63
Turkish language, xiii, 58, 61, 73
Turkmen, 69, 74–76, 89, 98
Turkmenistan, 4, 66
Turkomanchay, Treaty of, 85
Turks, 36, 41, 43, 60–62
Twain, Mark, 89
Twelfth Imam, 86, 103
Ulama, 52, 55, 75–77
Ulugh Beg, 70
Umayyad dynasty, 47–50
United Kingdom, 115. 
See also
Britain, 
England
United States, 100–101, 106, 109, 112, 
116, 118
Ural Mountains, 1, 3
Urartu, 9, 17
Urdu, 58
Usuli school, 79
Uzbeks, 71, 73, 75, 81–82, 122
Uzbekistan, xii, xiii, 4, 43, 66, 68, 76
Valerian I, 34
Vedic religion, 10
Veil, 64, 86, 97. 
See also Hejab
Velayat-e Faghih
(Guardianship of the 
Jurist), 112, 116
Warriors, 2, 61, 62, 63, 68–69, 76
Washington, DC, 118
West (the), xi; Westerners, xi; Western 
culture, xi; Western hegemony, xi; 
Western media, xii; Westernization, 
97–98, 102
Wheat, 4, 5, 106
White Balloon, The
(Panahi, film), 116
White Huns. 
See
Hephthalites
“White Revolution,” 102–103
White Sheep dynasty, 74
Wisdom literature, 40
Wolff, Joseph, 88
Women, 23, 56, 64, 79, 90, 97–98, 100, 
115–16; enforcement of dress codes, 
119; inability to rule; Mazdakite 
view of, 39; sexuality, 37; suffrage, 
102–103
World War I, 64, 93, 96

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I n d e x
151
Xenophon, 24
Xerxes I, 21, 22
Xian. 
See
Chang’an
Xinjiang, 12
Yaqub b. Layth, 56
Yazdegerd III, 42, 46
Yom Kippur War, 105
Yushij, Nima, 98–99
Zab River, 49
Zagros Mountains, 4, 7, 12
Zahedi, General Fazlollah, 100
Zarathushtra, 
see
Zoroaster
Zayandeh River, 77–78
Zeus, 26
Ziggurat, 6–9
Zoroaster, 9–10
Zoroastrianism, xi, 13, 19–20, 22, 26–27, 
35, 36, 39, 49, 122
Zoroastrians, 10, 22, 36, 81, 113, 122

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Document Outline

• Cover
• Iran in World History
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Contents
• Editors’ Preface
• Preface
• Chapter 1 A Convergence of Land and Language (3500–550 bce)
• Chapter 2 Iran and the Greeks (550–247 bce)
• Chapter 3 Parthians, Sasanians, and Sogdians (247 bce–651 ce)
• Chapter 4 The Iranization of Islam (651–1027)
• Chapter 5 The Turks: Empire-Builders and Champions of Persian Culture (1027–1722)
• Chapter 6 Under Europe’s Shadow (1722–1925)
• Chapter 7 Modernization and Dictatorship: The Pahlavi Years (1925–1979)
• Chapter 8 The Islamic Republic of Iran (1979–present)
• Chronology
• Notes
• Further Reading
• Websites
• Acknowledgments
• Index