5.2 Water re-use
The re-use of wastewater, made possible by technological advances in the last century, is
now widespread. Once it has been extensively treated to remove biodegradable material,
nutrients, and pathogens, it could be drunk, or used in a number of other ways. Non-potable
quality water can be used directly for irrigation, as a coolant in industry and to maintain
river flows. Cities around the world where freshwater supplies are limited, such as San
Diego in the United States, are developing programmes to re-use water and to replenish
aquifers with treated wastewater. Use of these techniques is expected to increase. The most
viable programmes use reclaimed waste water instead of drinking water for agricultural,
industrial, and other uses.
Countries in both water-short and more temperate but high-population regions are expected
to increase their use of reclaimed water in the coming years. Reclaimed water is expected
to account for 25% of Israel’s water supply in the next few years. Jordan will have to increase
its use of reclaimed water fourfold to meet demand; Egypt, tenfold. Most Middle Eastern
countries are expected to re-use more than half their wastewater.
Australia, Belgium, China, Germany, Japan, and the United Kingdom are also expected to
increase their use of reclaimed water, as this practice becomes an integral part of the
management of water resources.
5.3 Desalination
Desalination involves reducing its mineral content by taking salt out of seawater and brackish
water and producing water of freshwater quality. It is used mainly by cities and industry,
primarily in the Middle East (50%), but also in North America (16%), Europe (13%), and
Asia (11%). The high costs of desalination, principally arising from the energy used, have
dropped significantly in recent years due to technological advances.
That energy is produced primarily with fossil fuels, which pollute the air, and each method
of disposing of the by-products of desalination—for example in the ocean or in deep
wells—has an impact on the environment. It has been suggested that the various means
of disposal be assessed according to a single set of criteria, so that the impact of each
desalination plant can be consistently evaluated.
It is expected that desalinated water will be put to new and innovative uses, particularly to
support a variety of economic activities in coastal areas.
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