Confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of corruption crimes in Eastern Europe and Central Asia



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OECD-Confiscation-of-Proceeds-of-Corruption-Crimes-ENG

 
D. Civil forfeiture 
Civil forfeiture may serve as an alternative to the criminal extended confiscation instrument to deprive the 
perpetrators of unjustified assets through simplified approach to prove the illegal nature of the relevant assets. 
It may be either based on the criminal conviction or occur independently from the prosecution of the specific 
crimes commitment. Sometimes it is also called as the extended confiscation, though it is applicable, unlike 
the criminal extended confiscation, specifically to civil proceedings, including all typical attributes.
The international legal basis for civil forfeiture of proceeds of corruption and money laundering are the 
international instruments, as mentioned above many times, in particular, the United Nations Convention 
against corruption adopted in 2003; in paragraph 8 of Article 31 thereof, the Member States are proposed to 
consider the possibility of establishment the requirement (to the extent of its compliance with the 
fundamental principles of their laws and the nature of judicial and other proceedings) that offender should 
demonstrate the lawful origin of alleged proceeds of crime or other assets, which are subject to confiscation. 
Similar provisions are contained in the FATF ‘Forty Recommendations’ (Recommendation No.3) and in 
paragraph 4 of Article 3 of the Warsaw Convention adopted in 2005. Provisions of the Directive 2014/42/EU 
of the European Parliament and of the EU Council, dated 3 April 2014, on the freezing and confiscation of 
instrumentalities and proceeds of crime in the European Union, as described above in detail in the Section 
4(с), are applicable to civil (extended) forfeiture as well, considering the relevant specific features.
Civil forfeiture is commonly used mainly in the countries of Anglo-Saxon legal system, in particular in the 
USA, Canada, the UK, Ireland, Australia, Hong Kong, and South Africa. Besides these countries, non-
criminal confiscation is provided in the legislation of Italy, Slovakia, and Greece, as well as in some of the 
ACN countries, in particular in Albania, Georgia, Slovenia, and Ukraine. However, the civil forfeiture in 
Georgia and Ukraine is based on the criminal conviction only, while in Albania and Slovenia it is relatively 
independent. 

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