Confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of corruption crimes in Eastern Europe and Central Asia


VII. CORRUPTION OFFENCES THAT TRIGGER CONFISCATION



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OECD-Confiscation-of-Proceeds-of-Corruption-Crimes-ENG

 
VII. CORRUPTION OFFENCES THAT TRIGGER CONFISCATION 
In accordance with provision of the UN Convention against Corruption, each State Party shall take, to the 
greatest extent possible within its domestic legal system, such measures as may be necessary to enable 
confiscation of proceeds of crime derived from 
offences established in accordance with this Convention
(Article 31). The list of actions, which each State Party has undertaken to recognize as offences, is as follows: 
Act subject to criminalisation
Provision of the UN 
Convention 
Bribery of national and foreign public officials, officials of public international organizations 
(active and passive) 
Articles 15-16 
Embezzlement, misappropriation or other diversion of property by a public official 
Article 17 
Abuse of functions
Article 19 
Trading in influence 
Article 18 
Illicit enrichment 
Article 20 
Bribery and embezzlement in the private sector 
Articles 21-22 
Laundering of proceeds of crime 
Article 23 
Obstruction of justice 
Article 25 
Concealment of property acquitted through any of such actions 
Article 24 
Liability of legal persons for participation in such actions 
Article 26 
The Council of Europe Criminal Law Convention on Corruption dated 1999 stipulates, in particular through 
paragraph 3 of Article 19, that Each Party shall adopt such legislative and other measures as may be necessary 
to enable it to confiscate or otherwise deprive the instrumentalities and proceeds 
of
criminal offences 
established in accordance with this Convention
, or property the value of which corresponds to such 
proceeds. The Convention classifies the following offences as the ones that entail a confiscation, for instance: 
bribery of domestic and foreign public officials, bribery of members of domestic and foreign public 
assemblies, bribery of officials of international organisations, bribery of members of international 
parliamentary assemblies, bribery of judges and officials of international courts, bribery in the private sector 
(Articles 2-11), trading in influence (Article 12), money laundering of proceeds from corruption 
offences(Article 13) and account offences, intended at committing, concealing or disguising the offences 
mentioned above (except for laundering) (Article 14). 
The 2005 Warsaw Convention lists the corruption and bribery as the offences that must entail measures of 
confiscation (Article 3 of and paragraph 8 of the Annex to Convention), as also the legalisation of criminal 
proceeds. However, paragraph 2 of Article 3 of the Convention enables Parties, at the time of ratification, 
declare that such actions are only limited to the offences punishable by deprivation of liberty or a detention 
order for a maximum of more than one year, or only to a list of specified offences. 
Lastly, the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business 
Transactions envisages that the bribe and the proceeds of the bribery of a foreign public official are subject 
to confiscation (paragraph 3 of Article 3 of the Convention). 
In the Directive 2014/42/EU, the notion of ‘criminal offence’ is interpret only in the context of Article 5 
(extended confiscation). Paragraph 2 of Article 5 of the Directive, hence, provides that extended confiscation 
is entailed by, at least, the following corruption offences: active and passive corruption in the private sector, 
active and passive corruption involving officials of institutions of the Union or of the Member States, as well 
as participation in a criminal organisation in cases where the offence has led to economic benefit. 


43 
 
The replies to the questionnaire showed that the legislation of almost all the ACN countries does not include 
a definition of ‘corruption offences’. In several countries the law does include a list of criminal offences that 
are considered corruption (for example, Kazakhstan, Ukraine), while in some countries such offences are 
determined as corruption in the bylaws or doctrine. 
Attempts to delineate the definition have been taken by Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine. Instead of the 
definition, the Law of 

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