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Key Grammatical forms 
Verbs and tense 
Which tenses should be taught? In the early days of ESP, register analysis led to conclusions 
about which verb forms and tenses predominated in scientific and technical English. The main 
conclusion drawn by Barber (reported in Swales, 1988) was that any grammatical work done on 
the verb in EAP should concentrate on the present simple, active and passive voice and the 
modal verbs. 

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More recent research (for example Swales, 1988, in his introduction to Barber’s article) has, 
however, suggested that frequency counts carried out on a corpus containing a number of genres
without distinguishing between the genres may produce results of limited value. 
Voice 
The idea that scientific or academic writing uses the passive voice more frequently than the 
active is a myth; what is true is that such writing uses the passive voice more frequently than 
some other types of writing. Wingard (1981) found that in his corpus of medical writing 
approximately 60 per cent of the verbs were in the active voice and 40 per cent in the passive 
voice. The choice of active and passive is constrained by functional considerations; writers tend 
to use the we- form active when they describe their own procedural choices but the passive when 
standard procedures are being described. 
Modals
Modals, 
especially may, might, could, would
are one way of indicating the degree of certainty 
of a writers’ commitment to a statement of claim. If a writer states that ‘the discrepancy in the 
results 
may b
e due to incorrect calibration of the instrument’s\he is making a cautious statement. 
The writer is distancing him herself from the statement rather more with 
could
then with 
may.
This phenomenon is generally referred to as hedging. There are many other means of expressing 
hedging, for example the use of a reporting verb such as 
suggest, appear to, seem to, tend to 
in 
order to distance the writer from the statement that she reporting. Compare: 
1.
The data quoted in the Financial Times 
show
that the value of the dollar is rising 
2.
The data quoted in the Financial Times 
suggest 
that the value of the dollar is rising. 
In the first sentence the writer is aligning him/herself with the claim through the use of the 
reporting verb
show
, while in the second the use of 
suggest 
distances the writer from the 
claim and shows a neutral position. On the one hand, it may be because the writer wishes to 
soften a statement, for example, to mitigate a criticism of another member of the research or 
professional community. Learners need to be able to appreciate the role of hedging in 
academic, professional and business genres and to manipulate it’s actual linguistic devices.